Monday, May 25, 2020

Genting Group Comprises Of Five Public Companies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2662 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The Genting Group comprises of five public companies that are involved in various industries. The main company of the group is Genting Berhad. Genting Berhad is an investment holding and management company (Genting Berhad 2012). It had made its investment in different industries such as hospitality, entertainment, plantation and many more through the other companies under Genting The Genting group was founded by the late Tan Sri (Dr.) Lim Goh Tong in 1965 as he began to develop the summit of Mount Kila to build his very own resort known as Genting Highlands Hotel. The hotel operated as both a hotel and a casino. Later in 1980, Genting Group via Genting Berhad, involved itself in palm oil production after purchasing The Rubber Trust Group which consist of three Hong Kong plantation companies. Today, under the name Genting Plantations Berhad, the Genting Group is one of the primary palm oil producers in Malaysia with 166,000 hectares of land in Malaysia and Indonesia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Genting Group Comprises Of Five Public Companies Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The Genting Group continued to venture into other industries such as electricity power generation and supply and the paper manufacturing businesses in 1994 through Genting International Paper Holding Limited and production of oil and gas in 1996 under Genting Oil and Gas Limited. The Genting Group also made its way to obtain international recognition. Currently they have a company in Hong Kong known as Genting Hong Kong Limited and in Singapore known as Genting Singapore P.L.C.. Genting Berhad is said to have a positive future prospective. This is because the Genting group has began their plans to further expand their business into the western nations. In recent news (Walker E. 2013), The Miami Herald has reported that the Genting Group has made its first footprint in the country, Bahamas, by having a joint venture with a local company, RAV Bahamas, to open a resort and a casino. Bahamas is planning to have Genting Group to further invest into the other island of the country. In addition, the financial statements of Genting Berhad are showing a positive outlook based on the financial ratios calculated. The result and the interpretation of the ratios will be further explained later in this report. 2.0 List of Board of Directors and independent auditor and their roles 2.1 Board of Directors Genting Group Board of Directors consist of mainly six members which includes two executive directors and four independent non-executive directors. In general, the board is responsibility for the proper conduct of the companys business. They are also required to have formal schedule of matters specifically reserved for its decision, including overall strategic direction, annual operating plan, capital expenditure plan, acquisitions and disposals, major capital projects and the monitoring of the Groups operating and financial performance. (Genting Group Annual Report 2011) The following table shows the list of Board of Directors and a brief description of their role. No. Name and Position Description of role 1. Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay (Chairman and Chief Executive) Ensure that the board is effective in its tasks of setting and implementing the companys direction and strategy Set the agenda, style and tone of Board discussions to promote constructive debate and effective decision-making. Develop and promote effective communication with shareholders and other relevant constituencies. 2. Tun Mohammed Hanif bin Omar (Deputy Chairman) Assist the Chairman in his task and help balance the chairmans dual role 3. a. Dato Dr. R. Thillainathan b. Dato Paduka Nik Hashim Bin Nik Yusoff d. Tan Sri Dr. Lin See Yan e. Mr Chin Kwai Yoong (Independent Non-Executive Director) Provide adequate view of the companys standing from an outsider perspective Give advice or guidance relating to board matters without biasness 2.2 Independent Auditors According to U.S Securities and Exchange Commission (2002), an auditor is a certified accountant who examines the financials statement of a company. This is to ensure that the information shown is truthful, accurate, complete and in accordance to the criteria set by the government. A large company like Genting Berhad has both internal and external (independent) auditors. Independent auditors are a group of auditors or accountants that do not have any kind of relationship with the company and are able to review the statements fairly. These auditors will first review and then write a report about the statements stating whether there is a problem with the statements or not. The Independent auditor that is working with Genting Berhad is PricewaterhouseCoopers (Pwc). Auditors of Pwc are responsible to audit the financial statements of Genting Berhad and make sure that it is in accordance with the requirements set by the Malaysian Accounting Standard Board (MASB). They also obtain necessary evidence about the amounts and disclosure in the statements (Annual Report 2011). Lastly Pwc will provide their opinion regarding the statement and stating whether the statements are done accurately. All these are done based on the judgments of the auditors. 3.0 Ratio Calculations and Analysis Accounting ratios are used to compare different parts of the financial statements. For example, current assets and current liabilities. This allows the readers to understand the financial standings of the company better as well as how the company doing compared to other companies of the same field. Companies also calculates their own ratios to see how well they are doing compared to the previous years. There are a four different types of ratio that can be calculated. To have a clearer understanding of Genting Berhads financial standings, this assignment will be comparing the ratios of year 2010 and 2011 (refer to appendix for the financial statements). 3.1 Liquidity Ratio The purpose of liquidity ratios is to measure the ability of the company to pay its liabilities (Wood F. 2012). There are two ways to calculate this ratio; current ratio and acid test ratio. 3.1.1 Current Ratio Current Ratio is used to compare the current assets of the company and its current liabilities. If the ratio falls under 1, it means that the company is unable to pay its liabilities if it is due at that time. Formula : Current Asset Current Liabilities Current Ratio of 2010 Current Ratio of 2011 19189.7 = 3.2482 5907.8 18498.3 = 2.5569 7234.8 ÂÂ   In both years, Genting berhad has the ability to repay its liabilities when it is due at that time. But the ratio decrease in 2011. This is due to the decrease in asset and increase in liabilities. However, it does not mean that it is bad have more liabilities. Genting Berhad could have taken more loans that increase its inflow of cash. It is not harmful as long as the ratio is more than 1. 3.1.2 Acid Test Ratio Similar to the current ratio, the only difference is that the acid test ratio does not take into account the inventory held by the company. Formula : Current Asset Inventory Current Liabilities Acid Test Ratio of 2010 Acid Test Ratio of 2011 19189.7-520.6 = 18669.1 = 3.1601 5907.8 5907.8 18498.3-539 = 17959.3 = 2.4823 7234.8 7234.8 ÂÂ   Just like the analysis for current ratio, the ratio had decrease in 2011 but still above 1. The reason inventories is not taken into account in this calculation is because it is not as liquid as the other assets. Inventories comes in many form such as raw material, work in progress and finished goods which is difficult to be valued unless it is sold. Genting Berhad need not to worry about when its liabilities is due as it can be settled at any given time. 3.2 Asset Management Ratio Asset management ratio is use to analyse how effectively is the company using its asset to generate revenue (Peavler R. 2013). There are a total of four ways to calculate this ratio but only two will be discussed. 3.2.1 Inventory Turnover This measures how quickly the company sells its goods and clears the inventories from its shelves. It also shows how well the company is in managing their inventories. The higher ratio indicates how quickly is the inventories sold (Lane M.A.). Formula : Cost of Goods Sold Average Inventory Inventory Turnover of 2010 Inventory Turnover of 2011 8537.7 = 8537.7 (520.6+387.1)/2 453.85 = 18.8117 11733.2 = 11733.2 (539+520.6)/2 529.8 = 22.1465 Inventory turnover is read as the number of times the inventory is sold and replaced during a certain period. For example, in 2010, the inventory turnover is 18.8117 times. The increase in the rate shows that there is a shorter time where inventory stayedsayeiz idle in 2011. It also means that Genting Berhad had done more sales and gain more revenue. 3.2.2 Asset Turnover Asset turnover shows how efficiently the company is using its asset to make sales. Formula : Net Sales Total Asset Asset Turnover of 2010 Asset Turnover of 2011 15194.7 = 0.3100 49014.1 19559 = 0.3599 54344.7 ÂÂ   Asset turnover is used to calculate the efficiency of using assets to generate revenue. Examples are the use of equipment, premises and others. Since the ratio in 2011 is higher than 2010, it can be said that Genting Berhad had better management of its asset during that year. However, the ratio of both years is considered to be low. It is possible that Genting Berhad is more dependent on the use of its capital (cash) rather than assets to generate revenue. 3.3 Financial Leverage Financial Leverage is also known as the debt management ratio. As its name implies, it evaluates how well the company is managing its debts. There are times where a company acquire debts to purchase assets instead of the using the businesss capital (stockholders equity). 3.3.1 Debt (liabilities) to Total Assets Debt to total asset ratio measure the amount of assets that are financed by debts taken by the company (Peavler R). Formula : Total Liabilities Total Assets Debt to Total Assets of 2010 Debt to Total Assets of 2011 19567.6 = 0.3992 49014.1 21177.8 = 0.3897 54344.7 ÂÂ   This ratio is used to calculate the proportion of Genting Berhads liabilities against its asset. The decrease in ratio shows that Genting Berhad is no longer depending on debts to purchase or finance its asset. Although some might argue that the decrease in ratio is due to the settlement of loans by Genting Berhad while the amount of its assets remains the same. However, as it is shown, both the asset and the liabilities had increase. It proves that the company is still acquiring assets but has taken up lesser loans or settled some of it. 3.3.2 Debt to Stockholders Equity This ratio is used to measure how much debt compare to capital is used to finance the assets in the company (Ycharts). The higher the ratio, the more debts the company has taken to finance its assets. Formula : Total Liabilities = Total Liabilities Stockholders equity Total Asset Total Liabilities Debt to Stockholders equity of 2010 Debt to Stockholders equity of 2011 19567.6 = 19567.6 (49014.1 19567.6) 29446.5 = 0.6645 21177.8 = 21177.8 (54344.7 21177.8) 33166.9 = 0.6385 The drop in the ratio shows that Genting Berhad is planning to use more of its capital to acquire assets rather than depending on debts. Though sometimes, having liabilities is a better option than using capital. Without liabilities, a company can run its business without worrying about the amount they need to settle the debts. But using too much capital will show a negative cash flow on the statements which will draw away investors. Having a balance debt management ratio is important. 3.4 Profitability Ratio Profitability ratio is used to measure the profit earnings by the company. It indicates the ability of the company to make earning relation to asset, sales and equity (Nelson S.L. 2011). It is the most important ratio as people from the public are mainly interested in the profits earned by the company. There are total four types of calculation but only two will be shown. 3.4.1 Gross Profit Rate The Gross profit rate shows how much is left after covering all the expenses such as administrative, sales and distribution. Basically it shows how much a company makes taking into consideration the costs that it used for manufacturing its products or services (ReadyRatios) Formula : Gross Profit Net Sale Gross Profit Ratio of 2010 Gross Profit Ratio of 2011 6657 = 0.4381 15194.7 7825.8 = 0.4001 19559 ÂÂ   The gross profit ratio had decrease in 2011. This indicates the amount of sales used to cover the expenses. In this case, in year 2011, Genting Berhad uses about 40% of their sales available to cover the production costs. The decrease in value could also mean that Genting Berhad is spending more in their production costs. 3.4.2 Return on Sales Return on sales, also known as operating profit margin. It shows how much the company makes after paying for variable costs such as wages and raw materials excluding taxes. Variable costs are expenses that changes in proportion to the activities of the business (ReadyRatios). Formula : Net Income Before Taxes Net Sale Return on Sales 2010 Return on Sales 2011 4394.3 = 0.2892 15194.7 6673.3 = 0.3412 19559 ÂÂ   The return on sales ratio reflects Genting Berhads pricing strategy and its capability in controlling their costs. It shows how much profit is earned per RM of sales. The increase in 2011 indicates that Genting Berhad is becoming more efficient as the company is getting better at handling their variable costs. 4.0 Five other measurements Rather than using the ratio analysis, there are other ways to measure a companys financial standings and performances. One of them is Free Cash Flow (FCF). Free cash flow can be defined as the cash available after subtracting the amount the company had used for its business (N.A 2010). Unlike profits, the FCF is the actual amount that the company has in hand or at the bank. FCF is used to make investments, expanding the business and paying the shareholders. Besides that, there is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It is used to measure the expected return rate from buying the companys shares (McCraken M. n.d). This calculation is done by the investors. When performing investments, investors are expected to take certain amount of risks. They would want to evaluate the value of the risk and how much should be expected to be return to them for taking such a risk. The higher the risk, the higher the expected return value. If the investors feel that the company could not provide the expected return rate, they might choose to invest in something else. The third is Market Value Added (MVA). MVA can be defined as the difference between the market value of the firms stock and the capital invested by shareholders (Jermanis D. 2006). This can be seen as the amount the shareholders earn or get back if they were to sell their shares. The MVA shows how well the company is managing its scarce resources. The more efficient they are, the more MVA they have. It can only be used for publicly listed share prices as it is not easy to determine the value otherwise. The fourth is Economic Value Added (EVA). Unlike MVA, EVA is used to measure a companys performance during a certain period of time. It is usually used by internal management. EVA can be calculated by subtracting capital invested times weighted average cost of capital from net operating profit after tax (EVA = Net Operating Profit After Tax (Capital Invested x WACC)). The calculations for EVA will tell if the profit earned in a project is enough to cover the capital invested in it. A negative EVA number shows loss (Investing Answers n.d.). A companys performance can also be evaluated through customers perspective. If the company is doing well and treating their customers right, their customers will recommend the company to others. High profits only show the sales the company made. It does not mean that it has good customer retention plan. Without a good retention plan, the company will eventually lose all its customers to other companies. The company must also be able to deliver the promised level of satisfaction and handle the customers complaint efficiently. 5.0 Recommendation I would buy and recommend Genting Berhads shares. The overall ratio analysis shows a positive outlook of the company. By comparing the two most recent financial statements which is 2010 and 2011, it can be seen that the company is improving through its assets acquisition and sales. The most important thing is the profitability ratio. It shows that the company is getting better at managing its cost which will lead to an increase of profit margin for the company. If the company is expanding and developing consistently, we as shareholders will be able to get more dividends in return. Moreover, there are news that Genting Berhad is expanding to other nations such as Bahamas which will provide the company with an international recognition. This will increase the market value of its shares and stocks. 6.0 Appendix 7.0 Reference

Monday, May 18, 2020

General Electric - 2385 Words

GENERAL ELECTRIC General Electric is a company who strives to put their best foot forward. For more then 120 years, General Electric has been number one in the products they sell. From airplane engines to light bulbs, their attitude has been admired not only in America, but worldwide. GE serves customers in more than 100 countries and employs more than 300,000 people worldwide. After all GE has accomplished, including revenues of 152.4 billion dollars in 2004, the company still maintains a healthy relationships with its customers. In 1876, Thomas Edison opened a laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. In that lab one of the greatest inventions of all surfaced, the light bulb. That one business however was not enough for†¦show more content†¦Their next project is wind energy. Their mission is to provide a more advance and efficient source of energy, and this is being done for the services of the energy industry. Another project being worked on is the Gevo 12-cylinder diesel en gine products the same 4,400 horsepower as its 16- cylinder competitor. This engine uses less fuel, delivering significant savings over the life of the diesel locomotive. General Electric over the years has expanded their target markets from and older generation, to a new and more youthful generation. Now in our society more and more young women are taking the necessary steps to become more responsible and independent. In our days marriage occurs in the early 20 s and lower, with that information GE has figured that more of the younger generation would be into such products as their mothers were into. Now more commercials are focused on mainly middle aged women that are in the process of becoming parents are wives. Other target markets include Aircraft industry, rail, automobile, appliance, electronic, consumer direct, and energy industry. As time progresses so will the expansion of GE s target market, and they will continue to be the dominant power house in the Electrical industry. General Electric Company (GE) is a diversified industrial corporation engaged in developing, manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of products for the generation, transmission, distribution,Show MoreRelatedGeneral Electric691 Words   |  3 PagesCase: Globalization at General Electric Summary: The closing case explores General Electric’s quest to become the number one or two company in global market for every business which it take part. General Electric (GE) is the largest industrial conglomerate in America, produces a wide array of goods and services, from medical equipment, power generators, jet engines, and home appliances, to financial services and even television broadcasting. Since 1985, GE earned over 40 percent of its revenuesRead MoreGeneral Electric2113 Words   |  9 PagesMini Case Study Can GE Remake Itself as a Digital Firm? 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Education and America - 1406 Words

Are Teachers Responsible? In his article â€Å"Kenneth Cole Gets Schooled† David Sirota writes, â€Å"Taking an honest look at America’s education system brings up queries about why other less economically stratified nations have unionized teachers and far better academic results than here in America (761)† Students in other countries such as Korea, Finland, Japan, the Netherlands, and Canada have far better academic results than those in America, yet the teachers are not the one who need to be accepting all the blame for the failing academic standards. I am an elementary education major and have grown up as a teacher’s kid and have always found this statement and fact somewhat interesting. Now attending college I understand this statement, and†¦show more content†¦In some countries throughout the world kids are put on tracks dependent upon their careers; some get to go further in the education system than others. 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Globalization Of Food During The United States Of America,...

In the United States of America, people take food for granted. Anyone can go to the local grocery store or a farmers market and buy almost every type of food produced in the world. Globalization of food in first world countries has created â€Å"food scenes† in large metropolitan areas, and we can agree that this is spreading to smaller towns every day. Anyone can think of their favorite food and everyone would give a different response, whether it would be Mexican, Italian, or a local cuisine. This is possible through technological advances in farming techniques developed to produce food year round, due to strong states of government, with policies that empower this to be true. The lack of government involvement in Malawian farms is the predominant reason for a constant state of poverty. In other parts of the world, the technology for farming hasn’t had any advances in many years. Third world countries such as Malawi, have been farming without modern equipment for cent uries. In the book â€Å"The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind† by William Kamkwamba, he provides insight into the way of life on a farm in Malawi. The farmers in Malawi till, plant, and harvest by human power and a fortunate few have animals to pull their plows or carts (40). When we think of farmers here in America we think of large tractors and combines as well as large storage bins. The main difference between the United States and Malawi is although there are a lot of farms in the U.S., relatively few people are involvedShow MoreRelatedThe Social Work Policies1506 Words   |  6 Pages Social Work Policies Social Welfare Q 1 Income support policies in the United States Income support policies in the United States view the monetary aspect of individual and family well-being. Income support policies are categorized into two that is direct cash transfers and indirect cash transfers. Income support programs are aimed at reducing poverty levels and boosting the economic growth of United States. 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The goal of this paper is to define what the cold war specifically was, and reflect upon the various cho ices throughout the world as a result of the end of the cold war. The cold war was a period of time in which the United States was the world power in the western world. The Soviet Union (now Russia) was the leading power in the eastern world. While thisRead MoreEssay about Work in Modern America3049 Words   |  13 PagesWork in Modern America The modern day American society hosts a broad spectrum of industries with various occupations and professions to engage today’s workforce. America, much like most first world countries is a service economy based on the exchange of knowledge and expertise rather than materials and products. People have a long history of work and work evolution that has ultimately brought America to a service economy producing both strengths and weaknesses within the society and its economyRead MoreEssay on The Global Divide Between the Rich and Poor2100 Words   |  9 Pagesand environmental resources to ensure that globalization works for people -- not just for profits. The United States has not exactly been a saint throughout these unfolding events, but rather like a country building a colonial empire through economic integration and control. Rather than working to foster forums of other like-minded nations, the United States has historically sought to undermine groups that it cannot o r does not control. The United States exports more arms than anyone else, andRead More The Relationship Between Lack of Education and Poverty Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom succeeding in today’s competitive global economy. Where does the fine line of poverty stand? 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What can entrepreneurs and small businessesRead MoreNestle Case Study3261 Words   |  14 PagesNestle is one of the worlds largest global food companies. It has over 500 factories in over 70 countries, and sells its products in approximately 200 nations. Only 1% of sales and 3% of employees are located in its home country, Switzerland. Having reached the limits of growth and profitable penetration in most Western markets, Nestle turned its attention to emerging markets in Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America for growth. Many of these countries are relatively poor, but the economies ar eRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 PagesGLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC. INTRODUCTION I. AN OVERVIEW. With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered over the aspects of his nature. Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of mans complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desiresRead MoreAid for Donor Interests Essay2684 Words   |  11 Pagespopulation. The organization AFRODAD, the African Forum and Network on Debt and Development, states that ...donors use Aid to create and foster the impression among recipient countries that Aid is beneficial to them, Aid has failed to improve the situation of the poor as it has promoted the real interests of donors. Many groups like non-governmental (NGOs) and grassroots organizations, economists and United Nations agencies claim that the economic course installed by SAPs, deepen poverty, weaken self-reliance

Biggest Turning Point free essay sample

â€Å"High School is going to be the biggest turning point in your life. Everything counts so make it count.† These are the words I heard everyday from middle school, and I applied them to my life everyday. It’s the second semester of eighth grade and all my classmates are excited for high school and the new opportunities they’ll have with their friends. Everyone except for me. I received news that my family would be moving from Texas back to Wisconsin and I wouldn’t be attending the same high school as my friends. I’m scared. Even though we moved from Florida last year, I’ve never moved before the school year begins, so everyone will already have their cliques. No one will know me, and they won’t care either. I’m officially a freshman. School is going to start in a month and there’s so much I need to do. We will write a custom essay sample on Biggest Turning Point or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I don’t have official testing records from Wisconsin, so I need to take placement tests to decide what classes I can take. As I looked at through my tests, I looked up at the teacher and exclaimed, â€Å"Excuse me, Ms †¦ ? I know I need to take these tests, but Im suddenly drawing a blank. If it helps to know, I was supposed to be taking AP Bio, Geometry, and all honors classes.† â€Å"Okay. Well, try your best and I’ll look over some of your old class work and we’ll go from there.† As I predicted, I did not perform well on my tests. Even though I was supposed to be taking advanced courses, the teacher told me I would be taking the basic courses. I’m upset because I know I can handle more and I’m going to fall behind from where I should be. I’m not going to let this happen. I’ll do whatever I can to get caught up again. My first year of high school has ended and I passed my classes easily enough with a 3.5 GPA. Now that I’m going to be a sophomore I need to get caught up. I’m going to double up on my science classes, try out for a higher level band, and take Western Civilization for my History class. On top of all this I want to continue swimming on JV,marching band, and take ski patrol. Unfortunately, the class for ski patrol is an hour and a half away on Tuesday nights from six to ten. I know this year will be difficult but I know I can do it. My eyes flutter as I try to stay awake in class and after swim practice I want to go home and hibernate for the rest of the year but I have homework and studying too. As a result from my busy schedule, my grades didn’t show my full potential. When swimming, marching band, and Ski patrol ended, I had a lot more time for studying and focussing on grades but I don’t regret taking extra classes and becoming a volunteer ski patroller because I am caught up, and found a hobby that determined what I want to do in the future. It’s Junior year and I have to look at colleges. My friends bustle around me signing up for the ACT, starting to pick out colleges, taking advanced courses. I need to do the same. I look at the course guide and decide to Choose AP US History, double up in sciences again by taking Physics and Anatomy, and take Advanced Algebra. My palms sweat As I sit in the hard plastic desks as I read through the syllabi for my classes. I know AP US History will be challenging because it’s a college level course and I haven’t taken US History since eighth grade. I am dreading taking Advanced Algebra because math is my worst subject and the word â€Å"Advanced† leaves doesnt leave me at ease. I don’t know what to expect for physics but Anatomy should be easy after taking Outdoor Emergency Care for Ski patrol. Even though I have less going on compared to last year, I’m just as stressed out. Even though my parents have the same job, and my brothers and I atten d the same schools, our homes have a habit of changing annually. Not only do I have to maintain my grades and study, I have to get all of our things packed and moved into our new house, keep up with my extracurricular activities, and start studying for the ACT. The ACT is going to be my worst enemy because I am a poor test taker. When I signed up for the ACT second semester, I was excited to finally get it out of the way; however, my heart sank as I saw the date. My ACT is going to be the same day as my first prom. I studied as much as I could and tried to push prom out of my mind but with all of that combined with my test anxiety, I didn’t perform as well as I would have liked. I need to try harder. If this is going to be my ACT score, I need to make everything else perfect in order to get into a good college. Senior year. I have taken all my required classes and I can finally relax on my course load, but once again, the stress lingers around me. My family is now broken in half due to my dad’s job and I’m living in a new house with my mom and one of my brothers. I have to take care of my family since I’m the oldest as well as the families I created in Swimming and Marching band. I’m at the top of the food chain and people are looking up to me now. This weight on my shoulders is unbearable but now more is being added as I determine the next chapter of my life by choosing a college. Everything I have done the past three years comes down to this. I don’t regret my choices that I took because I made it. I made sure, to make it count.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Chromosome Probes Essay Example For Students

Chromosome Probes Essay Sensitive chromosome probes recently discovered by a University of Torontogeneticist will make it easier to detect certain types of genetic and prenatal diseases, aswell as being used to determine paternity and provide forensic evidence in criminalProbes are short pieces of DNA which bind to, and actually pinpoint, particularsites on a chromosome. Because these new probes are actually repeated hundreds orthousands of time at a particular site, they are much more sensitive than previouslyOf the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, Dr. F.H. Willard has discovered repeatedprobes or markers for six plus the gender determining X and Y chromosomes. Whatwere trying to decide now is whether to isolate probes for the other chromosomes, orwhether we should utilize the eight we have, he says. Dr. Willard is currently negotiating with an American company to developprenatal diagnostic tests, which, because the current tests are time consuming andtechnically difficult to do, are restricted to women over 35 and those who have a familyhistory of chromosomal abnormalities. Prenatal tests using Willards probes would bemuch simpler and faster to perform and could be available to all pregnant women whowish to take advantage of the technology. Current prenatal testing involves growing fetal cells in vitro and examining them,over one or two months, to see if there are two copies of a particular chromosome, whichis normal, or one or three, which is abnormal. A test using Willards probes would requireonly a few cells and a few days to detect abnormalities. I dont think its beyond therealm of possibility that these kinds of tests could eventually be done by an obstetricianin the office during the early stages of pregnancy, he adds. The determination of gender is another possible use for the probes. Manydiseases, such as Duschenes muscular dystrophy, show up on the X chromosome,manifesting only in boys. Willard thinks it is possible to develop a test which wouldquickly indicate the fetus sex. This would benefit parents whose only option is to haveConfirming gender in children with ambiguous genitalia is another medicalreason for using the test. A quick examination of the X and Y chromosomes of the childwould indicate whether genetically the child is male or female. As yet, Willard has been unable to develop a probe for chromosome 21. DownsSyndrome results from three copies of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). I think well knowwithin a year whether a test to detect trisomy 21 is feasible, he says hopefully. The other six chromosome probes which Willard has developed do notimmediately lend themselves to diagnostic tests, except for certain cancers, he says. Wehave a probe for chromosome 7 and we know that trisomy 7 is a signal for certain typesof cancer. Chromosome abnormalities of all kinds are a signpost of tumors.Theoretically, an oncologist could use a chromosome probe test to examine tissue andobtain a reading for a specific cancer. It wouldnt suggest a mode of therapy, he pointsout, but would be a speedy test and would have prognostic implications for the kind ofAs a basic research tool, Willards probes could be used to develop a geneticlinkage map for human chromosomes. Its important to know the location of genes in thehuman genome, particularly disease genes. The leading approach to try to sort out diseasegenes is to use genetic linkage. Because our sequences are at the centromere it wouldThe third application for the probes is in forensic biology. Willard believes hismarkers are as unique to each each individual as are fingerprints. According to thegeneticist, it will be possible to make a DNA fingerprint from blood or sperm, whichcould be used as evidence in rape or murder cases. .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 , .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .postImageUrl , .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 , .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:hover , .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:visited , .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:active { border:0!important; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:active , .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5 .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u488d3705a119286629c1e3089af4e3c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Evil Rooted In Women Essay Summary We havent yet done the analysiswhich confirms that our probes are DNA fingerprints, but once we do, we will makethem available for development into tests. As research progresses in all these areas, Willard hopes to collaborate with otherdepartments at the U of T to conduct clinical trials. His work is funded by the March ofDimes, the Hospital for Sick Children Foundation and the Medical Research Council. Bibliography: