Criminal Recidivism Essay

Prisons today are overcrowded and are a growing problem in today’s society. â€Å"In 2008, the Pew Center on the States reported that incarceration levels had risen to a point where one in 100 American adults was behind bars. A second Pew study, the following year, added another disturbing dimension to the picture, revealing that one in 31 adults in the United States was either incarcerated or on probation or parole† (Pew Center on the States, 2011). It is very costly for the states to maintain the prisoners behind bars. It has been estimated that the cost of state spending on corrections is 52 billion dollars. Recidivism is a term used by law enforcement agencies that describes the tendency to relapse into criminal behavior. It involves a person being re-incarcerated or re-offending. â€Å"Inmates returning to state prisons within three years of release has remained steady for more than a decade; this is a strong indicator that prison systems are failing to deter criminals from re-offending. Using data from 41 states for prisoners released, â€Å"a study done by the Pew Center on the States found that slightly more than 4 in 10 offenders return to prison within three years† (Johnson, 2011). What has caused this rise in recidivism can be due to more studies being done, tracking recidivism more closely, and failure of prison systems/probation programs to rehabilitate inmates. â€Å"Prisons serve multiple purposes, including exacting retribution for breaking the law, separating offenders from society so they cannot commit more crimes, deterring the general population from committing crimes and discouraging incarcerated offenders from committing new crimes once they are released† (Pew Center on the States, 2011). One priority of prisons is to deter criminal activity through incarceration and rehabilitation of its criminals. One way to track rehabilitation of the criminals is by tracking the recidivism rates. This study includes data of prisoners released in 1999 and prisoners released in 2004. Thirty-one states offered data for 1999 and 41 states offered data for 2004. â€Å"The Pew/ASCA survey found the three-year return-to-prison rate for inmates released in 1999 to be 45. 4 percent, and 43. percent for those released in 2004† (2011). This study began its study by sending out surveys to all 50 states. â€Å"A self-selected survey or voluntary response survey is one in which people decide for themselves whether to be included in the survey† (Bennett, Briggs, & Triola, 2009, p. 37). Each prison facility decided whether they would be included in the study and they submitted information to the Pew Center of the States. Qualitative data was used to put values on the measurements. The process of binning was used to categorize the prisoners into three groups, which consisted of first release, all releases, return for new convictions, and return for violation of probation. â€Å"The relative frequency of any category is the proportion or percentage of the data values that fall in that category† (Bennett, et. al. , 2009, p. 94). They set up relative frequency tables to determine how many times the prisoners fell under the categories or bins. They used mean, median, and mode to get averages of prisoners released and re-offending. There were some outliers in the studies. Outliers are defined as â€Å"a value that is much higher or much lower than almost all other values† (Bennett, et. al. , 2009, p. 149). â€Å"State departments of correction reported on people who returned to one of their facilities, which would not count a former offender who was incarcerated in another state or depending on proximity to high-crime areas in neighboring states or major interstate drug corridors† (Johnson, 2011). The Pew Center of the States analyzed the data and concluded that by 2002, more than 45% in the first wave of releases returned to prison and in 2007, about 43% of the second group returned† (Johnson, 2011). They came up with these percentiles by looking at the total number of inmates released from each prison for each state and how many were re-incarcerated for new crimes or violation of probation. â€Å"One can approximate the percentile of any data value with the following formula: percentile of data value =number of values less than this data value/total number of values in data set† (Bennet, t. al. , 2009, p. 170). â€Å"At least 95 percent of inmates in America ultimately will be released and returned to the community. Keeping them crime and drug-free is no easy assignment. Many offenders lacked education, work experience, family support and a stable living situation before they were incarcerated, and many suffer from mental illness or a history of addiction† (The Pews Center of the states, 2011). Many also have the stigma that comes with having a criminal record and are unable to find work, so they resort back to robbery or stealing. Many times the released prisoners go back to hanging out with their old friends and then it is not long before they fall back into their old habits. In addition, the probation/parole divisions that are supposed to supervise the former inmates are overworked, have large caseloads, and limited technology to keep up with the former inmates.

Economic cooperation Essay

Talks on economic cooperation between China and the US ended with a â€Å"broad agreement on separate strategies† to help their economies recover. The US agreed on inducing fiscal discipline from the personal until the federal level and China, to bolster domestic spending. The talks also resolved to cooperate in combating climate change by shifting to low-carbon economies as they progress and reinforce their current economic standing. The talks will make the political process focus on the economic strain and fiscal constraints as a new strategy to revive the economy for the US, and increasing government spending and relying less on foreign demand for China. Of course, these strategies could go under fire from some political opposition and criticism, but the backing of a foreign agreement could bolster support for both agreed positions for economic recovery both from the government and the grassroots. Policies and ordinances could be prompted to be enacted to follow through with the agreement with China and vice versa. Campaigns on the tightening of belts from the organizational to the individual level can be expected from the government. NGOs and other organizations can strongly advocate for these policies or criticize them either way. This agreement can make the government and the citizens work hand in hand to create a political environment where cooperation is paramount to dig the countries out of their financial pothole. The general direction of the talks, however is geared more toward the affirmation that a change in spending habits by the government, by the individual and by the organization should be limited and focus more on saving. Many would go toward this direction as the difficulties of the economic meltdown touch many people, forcing them to go for bargains if they can’t afford not to spend. China, on the other hand can be seen to use the same approach the US used during the financial difficulties in the 1950’s. http://edition. cnn. com/2009/POLITICS/07/28/china. stimulus/index. html? iref=newssearch U. S. , China agree on economic strategies [July 29, 2009 — Updated 1017 GMT (1817 HKT)]

Feature article

Anything that's not straight news, editorial or sport. Gives a human dimension to the news Responds to the reader's curiosity while entertaining at the same time Truth and accuracy are still Important Can't tolerated † NOT Inverted pyramid style Sub-stories of the news Skills similar to fiction writers Narrates that keeps the readers absorbed Brings out the drama of people's lives Know which details to highlight Vivid descriptions -Colorful dialogue -Humor Begins with an anecdote -memorable ending A nut graph rather than a lead Feature writing tells the reader a story.It has a beginning (lead), middle and end. It uses quote liberally (It mean generously If you're too lazy to search It up) and allows the reader to see the story through detailed description and vivid writing. Topic-Background inf001nterview0Expert testimony 1) Lead: Most interesting information. Something that will grab the reader's attention and drag them into the story. 2) Nut Graph: A summary of what the story is going to be about. Why the story is important 3) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story 4)Transition: Next important fact. Use transition words to help the story flow. They can be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 5) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story 6) Transition: Next important fact. Use transition words to help the story flow. They can be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 7) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story Types of Feature Stories: Concentrate on the business ownerLook for their competitions If there's no info, concentrate on how they started business. Should not be written like an advertisement B) The commemorative story Pegged to the anniversary of an earlier news event Written at the 1st ann iversary Interview people who was involved in the story (e. G anniversary of the death of Kennedy) C) The Explanatory story Very detailed Requires saturation research C) The first-person story Something dramatic happens to the writer Story with I or you is used in a suspenseful event D) The historical story Loosely pegged to a breaking news eventWriters research in the library Show readers how their community would changed E) The Hobbyist story Make sure you're writing about the biggest or the best unusual collection in your area Talk to other collectors F) How-to story Interview with 1 or more experts who advise the reader how to accomplish a tricky task Timeless article but could be pegged to a season G) The invention story Good feature material Inventor will not usually give interviews unless they know their idea is protected Timing is the key. Talk about an invention H) The medical story Medical breakthrough storyThe struggle to overcome illness l) The number story: Interviews w ith experts and a familiar # â€Å"10 ways to deliver baby.. † Or â€Å"10 restaurants in NYC you must go W' J) The odd- occupation story Find a person with a weird Job such like a window washer for skyscrapers Basically a profile but about a weird Job K) Review Book, restaurant You need to be an expert to know this topic L) Trend Silly ban, fashion trends Examines something that is a trend in society Begins with examples M) The service article Provides service to reader Help readers cope with problems in lifeN) The overview story Overview of a problem Statistics with expert, humanistic qualities O) The participatory story First hand knowledge You go and try it yourself and basically â€Å"participate† in it P) The Profile Story Profile any one Pick someone of interest, ask for interview, research Groups, institutions, events, things Q) The Unfamiliar visitor story: Offer unique insight of a problem, culture, or event through a eyes of a person E. G bombing in airport , interview Arab student R) Catalogs List things but not in numerical order but Just in a list S) Interview storySubject be a person of interest Written in 3rd person Includes direct or indirect Feature leads Delayed- withholds essential information for a few paragraphs Descriptive (situation lead or anecdotal lead)- paints a word portrait of a person, group, place or event Direct address- â€Å"you† involves reader Expression lead- use proverbs, mottos First person lead-using â€Å"I† Freak lead- are rare, includes definition, fragments, poetry, puns. Short words. Question lead: Last resort; should be avoided Quotation lead; direct, indirect, or partial quotation. Tied to some sort of description f the person.Relationship lead- most common feature article lead. Describe cause and effect Surprise lead- astonished, punch, or cartridge lead. Shocks the reader and will only be clear after they read the body. Summary lead- sums up in a few sentences How to write the body o f the story Transitionolinkingobridge word Words that connect- e. G. Also, and, another, besides Bridge words- are words that are the identical or synonymous. Sentences that bridge- Sentences has to be moved around so that the passage would make sense. Writing Gremlins Long paragraphs Weak verbs Wordiness Jargon- Feature article Anything that's not straight news, editorial or sport. Gives a human dimension to the news Responds to the reader's curiosity while entertaining at the same time Truth and accuracy are still Important Can't tolerated † NOT Inverted pyramid style Sub-stories of the news Skills similar to fiction writers Narrates that keeps the readers absorbed Brings out the drama of people's lives Know which details to highlight Vivid descriptions -Colorful dialogue -Humor Begins with an anecdote -memorable ending A nut graph rather than a lead Feature writing tells the reader a story.It has a beginning (lead), middle and end. It uses quote liberally (It mean generously If you're too lazy to search It up) and allows the reader to see the story through detailed description and vivid writing. Topic-Background inf001nterview0Expert testimony 1) Lead: Most interesting information. Something that will grab the reader's attention and drag them into the story. 2) Nut Graph: A summary of what the story is going to be about. Why the story is important 3) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story 4)Transition: Next important fact. Use transition words to help the story flow. They can be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 5) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story 6) Transition: Next important fact. Use transition words to help the story flow. They can be facts, indirect facts indirect quotes or partial quotes 7) Direct quote: Connects to the nut graph. Use more than one sentence. Direct quotes should show emotion of the story Types of Feature Stories: Concentrate on the business ownerLook for their competitions If there's no info, concentrate on how they started business. Should not be written like an advertisement B) The commemorative story Pegged to the anniversary of an earlier news event Written at the 1st ann iversary Interview people who was involved in the story (e. G anniversary of the death of Kennedy) C) The Explanatory story Very detailed Requires saturation research C) The first-person story Something dramatic happens to the writer Story with I or you is used in a suspenseful event D) The historical story Loosely pegged to a breaking news eventWriters research in the library Show readers how their community would changed E) The Hobbyist story Make sure you're writing about the biggest or the best unusual collection in your area Talk to other collectors F) How-to story Interview with 1 or more experts who advise the reader how to accomplish a tricky task Timeless article but could be pegged to a season G) The invention story Good feature material Inventor will not usually give interviews unless they know their idea is protected Timing is the key. Talk about an invention H) The medical story Medical breakthrough storyThe struggle to overcome illness l) The number story: Interviews w ith experts and a familiar # â€Å"10 ways to deliver baby.. † Or â€Å"10 restaurants in NYC you must go W' J) The odd- occupation story Find a person with a weird Job such like a window washer for skyscrapers Basically a profile but about a weird Job K) Review Book, restaurant You need to be an expert to know this topic L) Trend Silly ban, fashion trends Examines something that is a trend in society Begins with examples M) The service article Provides service to reader Help readers cope with problems in lifeN) The overview story Overview of a problem Statistics with expert, humanistic qualities O) The participatory story First hand knowledge You go and try it yourself and basically â€Å"participate† in it P) The Profile Story Profile any one Pick someone of interest, ask for interview, research Groups, institutions, events, things Q) The Unfamiliar visitor story: Offer unique insight of a problem, culture, or event through a eyes of a person E. G bombing in airport , interview Arab student R) Catalogs List things but not in numerical order but Just in a list S) Interview storySubject be a person of interest Written in 3rd person Includes direct or indirect Feature leads Delayed- withholds essential information for a few paragraphs Descriptive (situation lead or anecdotal lead)- paints a word portrait of a person, group, place or event Direct address- â€Å"you† involves reader Expression lead- use proverbs, mottos First person lead-using â€Å"I† Freak lead- are rare, includes definition, fragments, poetry, puns. Short words. Question lead: Last resort; should be avoided Quotation lead; direct, indirect, or partial quotation. Tied to some sort of description f the person.Relationship lead- most common feature article lead. Describe cause and effect Surprise lead- astonished, punch, or cartridge lead. Shocks the reader and will only be clear after they read the body. Summary lead- sums up in a few sentences How to write the body o f the story Transitionolinkingobridge word Words that connect- e. G. Also, and, another, besides Bridge words- are words that are the identical or synonymous. Sentences that bridge- Sentences has to be moved around so that the passage would make sense. Writing Gremlins Long paragraphs Weak verbs Wordiness Jargon-

Maxs Grocery Mart- Projected Income Statement Research Paper

Maxs Grocery Mart- Projected Income Statement - Research Paper Example I have read the CQU policy on plagiarism and understand its implication. I can produce a hard copy of this assignment within 24 hours if requested. Max's Grocery Mart is a family-owned business that has been experiencing a stable growth since its inception. Mr. Leroy Feronti, the owner of the business now wants to expand the business by renovating the grocery mart building with a bank loan. To help the application for bank loan, Mr. Feronti has prepared the pro forma financial statements for three years from 2007 onwards. The data of the accounting period 2006 are taken as the base, upon which the projections for 2007, 2008 and 2009 are based. The bank has demanded to prepare Pro forma Income Statement for three years on the basis of the likely growth and other important parameters of the firm. The statements are prepared projecting the future likely growth of the firm. The growth rates estimated are 7.25, 7.75 and 8.25 annually. The projected in come statement exhibits that at 7.25% growth rate, the firm will be able to achieve $ 477175 net income. Similarly, for the year 2008 and 2009, the projected net income is $479400 and $481624 respectively. Mr. Feronti is also asked to prepare projected income statement to reflect the changes in sales at various rates. The income statement is also prepared to reflect the impact on the net income of the increase in workers hourly rate from $12 to $14 and Mr. Feronti's salary is reduced from 15% to 8% of Gross Profit. The impact of increase in the number of workers from 17 to 19 is also projected through income statement. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Discussion 5 Projected Income Statement for the Year 2007, 2008 and 2009 7 Statement Showing the Impact on Net Profit on account of 9% growth in sales 9 Statement Showing the Impact on Net Profit on account of 9.5% growth in sales 10 Statement Showing the Impact on Net Profit on account of 10% growth in sales 11 Statement Showing the Impact on Net Profit on account of 4% growth in sales 12 Statement Showing the Impact on Net Profit on account of 5% growth in sales 13 Statement Showing the Impact on Net Profit on account of 5.5% growth in sales 14 Pie Chart 16 Statement showing the impact on Net Income of the changes in employee hourly rate and Mr. Feronti's Salary 17 Statement showing the impact on Net Income of the changes in the no. of employees from 17 to 19 18 Recommendations 20 Appendix 21 Introduction Max's Grocery Mart is a family-owned business that has been experiencing a stable growth since its inception. Mr. Leroy Feronti, the owner of the business now wants to expand the business by renovating the grocery mart building with a bank loan. To finance the business expansion, Mr. Feronti has approached a bank. The bank wants Mr. Feronti to prepare Pro forma Income Statement for three years to substantiate the loan allocation as a formality. The pro forma financial statements are usually prepared in line with the likely changes in the financial affairs of a firm. Mr. Feronti prepared the statements taking into account the various changes that are likely to incur in his business. First, Income statement is prepared to reflect the growth at 7.25%, 7.75 %and 8% rates. The projected in come statement exhibits that at 7.25%

History Analytical Paper (Modern Asia) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History Analytical Paper (Modern Asia) - Essay Example The years that followed saw the Japanization of Korea until the conclusion of the Second World War. Evidently, history reveals that at the end of the Japanese colonial system, Korea had become the second most innovative and developed country in the region. However, the advances made in Korea occurred at a price. From 1910-1945, Koreans did not know freedom, and this is the price they paid for the economic and societal advancement. Apparently, the price was too heavy to pay in exchange for economical projects that favored the Japanese. Therefore, I disagree with the statement that freedom is a small cost to pay to reap the benefits of colonialism. Many authors tackling the issue of Korean colonization have highlighted that it proved beneficial. This has led to a heated debate on the issue, with thorough analysis showing that the Korean nation underwent massive transformation because of the colonial era. After Japan took control of Korea, the emperors sought to silence the voice of Kor eans. This is evident from the recorded narrations from 51 different authors as presented by Kang (21). Kang interviewed different members of the Korean society in order to build a picture of the real experiences of the Koreans. For example, Kang’s father-in law related his memories. The Korean people lost their freedom in every sense. The Korean Communist Party platform reveals how gross the loss was for the Korean people. They lacked democracy, and they remained a people unable to govern themselves freely. The Japanese colonial empire exerted a ruthless form of control on the people, and they complied. The most productive lands belonged to the Japanese emperors whereas the Korean people worked under submission to the Japanese control. Apparently, it was not simply submission they exhibited but rather, they faced exploitation. Workers earned meager earnings, and the working conditions were highly unfavorable for the Korean people. For example, Ch'oe P’anbang experienc ed injustice in his workplace where others received stipends, except him because he was Korean (Kang 34). The working conditions did not reflect any respect or accord for human dignity. The Korean workers lacked opportunities to rest after laboring an entire week. There were no labor laws to protect the welfare of Koreans workers. Those who failed to comply faced imprisonment and incarceration. In the industrial setting, there were minimal sanitary working conditions, a factor that rendered the work environment highly unsafe. Moreover, there was an evident difference between the treatment of Japanese workers and Korean laborers. The peasantry industry that had defined the livelihood of the Korean people prior to the colonial period started to die down as the Japanese emperors grabbed all the productive lands. For example, Chong T’ae’ik explains how some colonialists compelled Korean farmers to eat insanitary things such as worms. His had retarded Korea’s economi c activities (De, Bary468). The Japanese emperors introduced a monopoly system that made it impossible for Korean investors to register any profits. This serves to illustrate the level of exploitation experienced by the Koreans as evident from the Korean communist party platform recorded in the five documents of Korean communism. In addition, the colonialists had taken over traditional industries and sought to convert them into larger industries

Neandertals and Homo Sapiens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neandertals and Homo Sapiens - Essay Example What follows is a brief presentation that sheds the light on this species of human like creature, exposing the different anthropological breakthroughs and discoveries that have came to remold our idea of the Neanderthal man. Modern anthropological findings suggest that the Neanderthal man may have lived around the years extending from 250 000 to 20 000 BC. Counting for more than a century since its discovery, theories and hypotheses around this creature have diversified albeit they mostly reflected the prejudgments of the moment. Long considered as a sub-human species at the heart of the â€Å"Homo Sapien† lineage it was at first called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis in consequence. Only later was it considered by authors and researchers as a distinct species and labeled as â€Å"Homo Neanderthalensis†. More recent studies have also suggested that the two species, â€Å"Homo Neanderthalensis† and â€Å"Homo Sapiens† may have crossbred amongst each other. .. . A Neanderthal man though, and as much as he may seem to resemble the modern human, has some marked characteristics, for instance the difference is clear when it comes to the volume of the brain, while an average human brain measures around 1300 ml, a Neanderthal brain have been known to measure as much as 1700 ml. Another, striking difference that sets apart the two human species is perhaps an anatomical one, as a quick analysis of the Neanderthal anatomy shows that the latter had larger bones in comparison to us modern humans, added to that the muscle mass which is also far superior to what a normal human being would have nowadays. Neanderthals as it would seem were large boned and heavily muscled, probably so to be withstand the hard natural conditions that were in the days. Height was not the Neanderthal man’s strongpoint, as fully grown male adults would average a height of 164 cm (5 feet 5 inches). This primitive man is said to have been an avid hunter, this is particular ly true as suggested by sheer number of healed fractured bones found in Neanderthal bodies, and as their thick leg bones suggest, they used to do alot of walking and running, running which was essential and required if they were to hunt fast moving animals, and if they were to be entrenched in long chases for their daily meat. As scientific research has it, these primitive beings were almost exclusively carnivores and assuring their daily meat meant a lot of effort, risk and danger which is associated with the fractured bones mentioned above. Lastly, and as far as culture is concerned, our primitive friends may not have been so primitive as we might think, as numerous Neanderthal burial sites were found,sites in which bodies were buried alongside

RESEARCH METHODS (PILOT STUDY REPORT) Coursework

RESEARCH METHODS (PILOT STUDY REPORT) - Coursework Example iagnosed with obesity and diabetes 2 are Native Americans, blacks and Hispanics, where rate of obesity reaches upto 70%, and this has been accredited to their deprived economic conditions. Obesity and diabetes are among the vigorously growing health problems faced by Americans. The prevalence in obesity rates has caused massive cases of diabetes 2 which in turn causes amputations, hypertension and blindness, and also increases chances of developing depression, cancer, heart disease, asthma, immobility and arthritis. Allowing the current rates of obesity to continue increasing implies that America will be trailing on a perilous track. Moreover, the obesity endemic, if left unimpeded, will contravene the substantial progress made in life expectancy and health in the recent decades (Klein et al., 2004). Certainly, if current and future generations are to live longer, healthy and exhilarating lives, this cosmic problem must be contained through effective policy formulation and implementation. Obesity costs the nation over $160 billion in direct therapeutic costs every year. Estimates indicate that yearly medical expenditures can be plummeted by between 7-12% if the government succeeds to eradicate obesity and diabetes 2 (Levine, 2011). Additionally, through Medicare and Medicaid, a substantial fraction of this cost is financed by assiduous taxpayers and this affects both federal and state budgets and significantly hinders meaningful economic development. It is too costly to overlook the skyrocketing premature deaths resulting from obesity and obesity-associated chronic diseases. Consequently, this pilot study seeks to explore the state government’s role in regulating obesity. It will seek to explore whether the policies of developing EMR system that back diabetes prevention, guaranteeing parity of mental and physical health services, promoting active lifestyles, increasing Medicaid funding for obesity and diabetes, and regulating the diet of Americans are

Maritime law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Maritime law - Essay Example The law of maritime claims has been promoted along different routes in civil law administration. Vessels are recognised as objects of security rights in all nations. Despite this and the fact that maritime claims are of profound commercial significance, there is a high degree of international uncertainty in the subject of maritime claims and mortgages. There is a great difference among nations in the way they create and enforce maritime claims. It is for this reason that a standard list of maritime claims and an agreeable way of enforcing them was drafted by Comire Maritime International and adopted by the Brussels Diplomatic Conference. In 1926 in Brussels, the initial efforts were made to unify particular rules regarding maritime claims and mortgages. However, there were problems in the enforcement of the rules and this led to a review in 1952 in Brussels, undertaken by IMO and UNCTAD. The international convention on the arrest of ships was the combined efforts of the numerous conventions held earlier, especially the 1952 international convention, which aimed at unifying certain rules adopted by various countries in relation to arrest of sea going ships. At Geneva in March 1999, the new international convention on the arrest of ships as expressed in A/CONF.188/6 was adopted by the conference, after reviewing the 1952 arrest convention to address the identified deficiencies. As a result, the categories of maritime claim that could lead to arrest were altered, changing from 17 in 1952 convention to 22 in the 1999 convention. Not many countries have been able to approve the new convection, so it may apply in their countries., because some nations still feel dissatisfied by the new rule and its consequences it could cause in the nations. After Albania, which was the 10th country to ratify the new convention in March 2011, the new international convention came into forc e on 14th September 2011, and was to apply to any ship within the signatory state’s jurisdiction.3 The number of ratifying countries is still low and one would question the reason for the reluctance; it is worth noting that most of the powerful nations, such as the US, UK, and Japan have not attempted to approve it. However, by properly analyzing the 1999 arrest convention and its implications, there are both benefits and negative effects in the society. Effects of the New Convention 1. Liability for unjustified arrests or excessive security Following the inclusion of damages costs in the 1999 convention, which was not part of 1952 convention, the owners of the arrested ships are further protected by the legal terms in case of incurred loss, found to have been attributed to the claimant arrest directive. According to Article 6 of A/CONF.188/6, the court could impose upon the claimant the obligation to provide certain security, upon such terms as could be determined in court f or any loss the defendant acquires from the unjustified/wrongful arrest, or demanded excessive security in which the claimant may be found liable.4 With this part of the law, there are chances that the shipping industry may view the article differently. ‘The states with flags of convenience and states with large fleets could try to limit the cases where arrest may be made and thus ratify the 1999 convention, whereas states having a dominant trading economy might request security for what could happen to their cargo and their contracts of carriage vital for import and export.’5 While some countries could limit the cases of arrest within their jurisdiction for fear of defendants claim for damage, others could increase chances of security claim for their benefit. This move extends to cause more costs in solving for the cases that will occur in future, due to broadened scope of arrests considering that no party so desires to spend their

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MANAGING INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS - Essay Example Most of the EU trading occurs in between the European countries itself, owing to its flourishing nature it stands first among exporting and second among importing countries. The key concepts of European Union are, Integration- combining a range of different pieces into a single body, or the removal of barriers to enable the pieces to move closer together (Jones 2008,pp.88-87), Supranationalism – which express the power of EU decisions that override those made by national governments whenever the two conflict (Ibid ,pp.137-138) and the Intergovernmentalism – the idea of different governments of EU working together to protect its national interests (Ibid 2008,p.87). The most important key institutions of European Union are The council of the European Union representing the governments of the member states; European commission which consists of the commissioners appointed by the member states ,the executive body and driving force ; The European Council that comprises the h eads of state/government of the member states which gives political direction to the EU and sets policy agenda and strategies for the EU and European Parliament elected by the people of the member state, law-making body. ... n spreads some precious lessons to the whole world through their integrated efforts and activities which if put into effect may enable all human beings to live in peace and harmony around the Globe. References Jones, A. (2008) A Glossary of the European Union. Edinburgh University Press. The EU & Supply Chain Management The Supply Chain Management (SCM) can be defined as the† management of upstream and downstream relationship with suppliers and customers in order to deliver superior customer value at less cost to the supply chain† which refers to a system of organizations in moving a product from supplier to the customer (Christopher, 2011, p. 3). SCM heavily depends on the areas of operation management, logistics, procurement, and information technology (Ibid). Some suggest it is more accurate to use the term â€Å"Supply network†, viewing the supply chain as â€Å"a network of connected and interdependent organizations mutually and cooperatively working together to control, manage and improve the flow of materials and information from suppliers to end users† (Chopra & Meindl 2010). Different SCM models were proposed for the better understanding and systematic coordination of the business functions. For instance, Supply Chain Council promotes Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) whereas the Global Supply Chain Forum (GSCF) promotes SCM Model. By going truly global with the SCM, business firms can understand the competitiveness and can identify significant links in the network. It also helps to focus on long term issues. According to Chopra and Meindl (2010), the decision phases of a supply chain includes 3 steps the Supply Chain Strategy or design, Supply Chain Planning and the Supply Chain Operations. Essentially the fundamental role of SCM is to facilitate the

Genetics of sickle cell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Genetics of sickle cell - Assignment Example Those with a single inherited gene do not suffer from the disease but possess the sickle cell trait that can be transferred to their children. The genetics of sickle cell disease are discussed here, with respect to the inheritance of the disease, its molecular genetics and genetic variation. SCD is a multi-system disease in which episodes of acute illness occur along with progressive organ damage (Rees, Williams and Gladwin, 2010). It is among the worlds most commonly occurring severe monogenic disorders. Herrick first described the occurrence of sickle shaped red blood cells in 1910 (Cited in Rees, Williams and Gladwin, 2010). Pauling et al. (1949) later identified that sickle haemoglobin has electrophoretic abnormalities, therefore terming SCD as a molecular disease. Normal red blood cells can pass freely through capillaries while abnormal sickle shaped red blood cells cannot. Sickle shaped red blood cells are long and sticky, with tapering ends. Figure 1 shows the difference between normal RBC and sickle cells. Sickle cells tend to bunch up while some break down, stopping or slowing down the flow of blood (Peterson, 2008). Sickle cells do not receive enough oxygen and their waste products cannot be carried away. Because of the buildup of waste products and lack of oxygen, sickle cell disease causes great pain and even death. As per the National Institutes of Health (NIH) estimates, around 72,000 Americans, most of which are African Americans, suffer from sickle cell anemia (Peterson, 2008). Worldwide, there are millions of people inflicted with the disease, which commonly occurs in warm areas near large bodies of water (Peterson, 2008). While the occurrence sickle shaped red blood cells was discovered by James Herrick and their abnormal electrophoretic mobility was identified by Linus Pauling and colleagues, it was Vernon Ingram who discovered that the disease resulted from a

Third-Party Logistic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Third-Party Logistic - Essay Example The third party logistics is an innovation that has become an inevitable solution for companies. Studies show that the rate of dependency of the 3PL has grown over the years. This is because of the integration model that most 3PL providers include in their package ranging from inventory management, fleet management, and order processing, forwarding among other functions. This puts 3PL providers at the strategic intermediary position that cannot be bypassed by any business. This is very true because 3PL providers are of two categories. The asset based 3PL and the non-asset based 3PL.The latter provides consult services, brokerage, forwarder, marketing companies and information systems management services. The former however provides the transportation and warehousing solutions to business. Both these 3PL act as either direct contractors or sub-contractors to the contracted Logistics Service Provider. The main advantage of acquiring 3PL services is the direct capital cost that can be a voided by outsourcing logistics. This means that businesses do not have to worry about the cost of acquiring modes of transport and managing the modes of transport. Outsourcing logistics means that the company can concentrate on its core business without worrying about factors such as fleet maintenance and the extra costs of paying drivers, mechanics and even security for the vehicles. Another huge cost that a company avoids is the cost of parking the vehicles and coordinating the fleet and routines of the modes of transport.

Hamburger and Target Market Essay Example for Free

Hamburger and Target Market Essay This chapter represents the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives and scope and limitations of the study. Introduction A burger is usually defined as a sandwich consisting of a bun, a ground meat patty and often other ingredients such as cheese, onion slices, lettuce and other condiments. The ingredients are often used in combination and are usually called a cheeseburger. Although the origin of the modern beef hamburger came from the Germans, many culinary historians consider the burgers to be primarily from an American concoction. The first burgers were made from various cuts of beef ground into a manageable paste but eventually there emerge different ground meats and vegetable mixtures that have earned the right to be called â€Å"burgers† even in their own distinctive taste. Today, there are dozens of variations on the basic meat patty served between two slices of bread. Indeed through the years, the simple American meal called â€Å"burger† has transformed itself to an array of variations combining different ingredients to suite the taste of millions of people worldwide. Tony Tan Choking, who is the CEO of Jollibee which is considered as the one of the most popular fast-food chain in the Philippines, told in his interview for Business Week Asia that, â€Å"hamburgers, they appeal to any culture†. Taking to account that through this sumptuous dish, Jollibee was able to gain current status in the Philippine business. At present the hamburger toppings may not vary much. Some toppings ramp up taste and may love variants of toppings like the bacon cheeseburger or the replacement of standard condiments (mayo, mustard, ketchup) with things like barbecue sauce. Arguments exist as to what condiments should exist on hamburgers, and also what other things a hamburger needs such as lettuce, tomatoes, onions and pickles. There is no hard and fast rule that requires ingredients to be combined to the more familiar and staple hamburger toppings. In fact, the present times emphasizes creativity and innovation on almost anything even in the traditional hamburgers, which offers usually the same fairly blank palate. Currently an innovation on the burger recipe is viewed as means of culinary expression and way to create exciting and new taste combinations by varying toppings. Ultimately, innovation on the traditional burger combining different ingredients together in different proportions boils down as a means to satisfy one’s palate and finally one’s individuality. Thus with these concept, a new business establishment that deviates from the traditional way on how burger is served has emerged. The business establishment is called Jumbleger and this paper aims to evaluate the business’s feasibility in terms of target market acceptance, profit gain and overall future performance. Statement of the Problem. This paper aims to evaluate the feasibility of an innovative new business establishment to be called Jumbleger in terms of target market acceptance, profit gain and overall future performance. Specifically it aims to answer the following sub-problems: 1. Which among the following groups compose majority of the population surveyed? a. Which of the following age groups compose majority of the population surveyed? b. Which gender compose majority of the population surveyed? c. Which among the different educational attainment compose majority of the population surveyed? d. Among the samples who are students, what schools are they from? f. Which among the different civil status compose majority of the population surveyed? g. Which among the different income bracket is the most common income classification of the population surveyed? 2. Is an innovative new concept of a burger business significantly acceptable to the target market? a. Does majority of the population surveyed eat burgers? b. How often does the majority of the population prefer to eat burgers? c. Does majority of the population surveyed willing to try burgers in new varieties of flavors? d. Among the business establishments who offer burgers in their menu, which is the most preferred by the population surveyed? 3. What are the ingredients most preferred by the population surveyed? a. Among the different kinds of patty which is most preferred by the population surveyed? b. Which among the different kinds of sauces are most preferred by the population surveyed? c. Which among the different toppings are most preferred by the population surveyed? 4. Is the new concept burger be considered affordable to the target population and yet still be a profitable business? a. Among the different price groups for a burger, which will be most preferably spent by majority of the population surveyed? b. How many servings is the majority of the population surveyed able to consume per meal? Objectives of the Study The general objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of an innovative new business establishment to be called Jumbleger in terms of target market acceptance, profit gain and overall future performance. The following are its specific objectives: 1. To determine which among the following groups compose majority of the population surveyed. 2. To evaluate if an innovative new concept of a burger business significantly acceptable to the target market. 3. To identify the ingredients most preferred by the population surveyed. 4. To determine if the new concept burger be considered affordable to the target population and yet still be a profitable business. 5. To derive recommendations for further improvement of the business. Scope and Limitation of the Study The demographic profile as well as the needs and wants of the proposed target market shall be further identified and discussed in the study, in order to asses whether the proposed business would gain impact in the proposed market location. Also, such study shall determine the preferences and level of satisfaction of the proposed market with regard to their food consumption particularly with burgers. The target markets of the proposed business are customers who are frequent in St. Thomas Square, Morayta, more particularly the students from different universities, colleges, review centers and business establishments situated in that vicinity.

Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System

Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System CAREER EPISODE 2 CE 2.1 INTRODUCTION My second career episode describes about my project named Solar Powered Auto Irrigation System, which deals with irrigation technique helpful for farmers. I made this project during my 7th semester of engineering. It was completed in six months semester duration. It was completed under the supervision of Prof. Ashima Kalra, electronics lecturer. I completed my Bachelors degree in Electronics and Communication from Surya School of Engineering Technology, Punjab, India. CE 2.2 BACKGROUND Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy in the world. It is a friendly form of energy as well as an answer to energy crisis. My project solar powered irrigation system will be useful for farmers. It just requires an initial investment and then it provides a free energy and is a green way for energy production. This system uses solar power that drives the water from bore well to tank via water pump. The controller automatically regulates the output valve of the tank. It also controls the flow rate of water and optimizes it for the use of water using moisture sensor. Thus, it needs to be used with available telecommunication technology. Plant growth and their produce are to govern or increased directly or indirectly by automating the agricultural field that monitors and controls climatic parameters. CE 2.3 The idea and goal behind opting for this project was to provide a system in which automatic irrigation can be done to plants which would help in saving water and precious time of farmers. It is designed and fabricated in such a way that it would provide fresh water to irrigate the crops to all the farmers. The idea for pursuing this project clicked to me when I was analyzing the problems faced in daily life by common people. And then I realized that the methods of irrigation that is used is one of the oldest technologies having various methods in it. And we always want methods that are fast, efficient, and effective to deliver adequate water to crops. So, the new Agricultural solar method would ensure that the crops are being maintained and the farmers no longer need to slave themself to manual grind of having to carry water in their buckets. CE 2.4 I made a work flow plan for my project. I divided it into various parts to process through it systematically and assigned a time so that my project is completed in that period. First step involved to do some research work on the project and abstract realization. Then analysis on the components to be used was done. Then I started to prepare a block diagram and schematic diagram of the project. I also gave time to learn about the controller and its way of interfacing. And the last stage involved implementing the hardware and software part and gave a troubleshoot before writing the final report thesis. CE 2.5 PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY The pre-implementation research work on the topic helped me gain knowledge on the components that are required. It involves: PIC18F4520 microcontroller it is faster than other series of microcontrollers and can also be interfaced through USB and allows to simulate the program before it can be downloaded on it. Soil moisture sensor many soil moisture sensors make a soil moisture probe that can measure the content of water in the soil. Senses the high/low level of moisture than the threshold set. Solar panel it is directly mounted on the support structure and is a photovoltaic module, a set of solar photovoltaic modules or solar thermal energy panels. LCD display used to get the details of process taking place at that time. Motor two motors are used to give a rotatory movement to the irrigation system. These described above are the main building parts of my project. With the help of all these components its block diagram was prepared which is shown below. CE 2.6 The next step was to put this block diagram in practical implementation. I started with soldering component parts on the circuit and interfacing the LCD, sensor, and motor to the PIC18F4520 microcontroller. It was a little complex structure and involved deep concentration as any mistake would short the whole circuit. The later part involved designing the program on MPLAB software. It is a software that runs on PC and can be used to develop applications for microchip microcontrollers. It provides a single integrated environment that can be used to write programs for embedded microcontrollers and are also known as IDE, Integrated Development Environment. CE 2.7 The development cycle for writing an application code involves various stages. This controller allows embedded system design engineer to progress through this cycle without interruption between an array of tools. It allows engineers to concentrate on writing the code without any interruptions of separate tools and different modes of operation. The basic development system for my project involves the below stages. Using various available tools, a code is written, there is a project manager who organizes all file and databases and settings information. There is some hardware or software part that is useful in connection to the targeted controller and an assembler that is used for code conversion i.e. source code to machine code. CE 2.8 A flow chart was prepared based on the programming code that was used for my irrigation system. The steps and process along with the flow of program can be described using an algorithm as: Step 1: start of the process Step 2: GSM gets the initial power Step 3: it will check for moisture level Step 4: if the level is more than 50%, irrigation is not required Step 5: irrigation is required if moisture level falls below 50% Step 6: it initializes the motor Step 7: gives a brief report about the process/progress Step 8: after the completion of complete process it goes back to the original state. CE 2.9 And the final stage involved to perform a test run and troubleshooting. I tried to solve the maximum problems and errors in the software by myself. If I was unsuccessful in them, I made a list of problems and errors so that I could approach my project guide for the help and learn the technique that would be helpful in solving such errors and later implement it by myself. This type of irrigation system can be customized as per the need and the type of crop and is also having low maintenance. It is designed and developed in such a way that it can be scaled and customized for large open fields or for greenhouses. It has lot of scope for future expansion. One can make use of temperature monitoring in compost production or internet controlled duplex communication can be implemented which would help in taking powerful decisions. Such systems require low maintenance and attention and give long term benefits economically and is environment friendly. CE 2.10 There were many stages which involved complication and trouble pursuing it. The very first and big challenge was to complete it on time. As the process and implementation was a long and tedious process it took time for making it perfect. I made lot of mistakes while synchronization and interfacing of the components with the controller on the circuit board which intern was a delaying my project and making it costly as many components were not interfaced properly and got broken. Even after all such problems I didnt held myself back, I went on with my project by taking steps of guidance and consulted my professors as and when needed. In the end, it was completed and was made as I planned for it. CE 2.11 SUMMARY My project solar based irrigation system was completed on time and proved to the control system that gave real time feedback on monitoring and controlling of all the activities involving auto irrigation system very efficiently. It is a system that proved to be a manpower saver, that would incur profit and improve the production. It is a modernized structure in the agriculture industry with the optimum expenditure. In future, pesticides and fertilizer system can be implemented and added to this system so that it can be added automatically. It can also be developed so that it would measure the ambience temperature, humidity level or light intensity required. This project was a building block in my career. It broadened my views in terms of technology and helped me develop and grow myself as an engineer and market ready. It taught me to handle difficult situations and made me strong enough.

The Maternity Leave Benefits

The Maternity Leave Benefits The governments of every high-income economy in the world take measures to support parents in their efforts to care for newborn children. These policies reflect the national interest in promoting the health and well-being of infants and young children as well as societys recognition that the first months and years of a childs life require substantial and sustained attention from parents. THE LEGAL BACKGROUND OF MATERNITY LEAVE BENEFITS IN THE PHILIPPINES The words of the law itself, as guaranteed and embodied in no less than the highest and fundamental law of the land, affords utmost protection and safety to women, taking into high consideration their maternal functions. The exact provision avowingto such intention can be found in Article XIII, Section 14 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution  [2]  , which states that: Section 14. The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation. Such intent of the law is further reiterated and emphasized in the provisions of Article 133 of the Labor Code of the Philippines as it expressly recognizes the need for, and grants to women employees Maternity Leave Benefits. The exact provisions of said Article 133 are as follows: ART. 133. Maternity leave benefits.  [3]   Every employer shall grant to any pregnant woman employee who has rendered an aggregate service of at least six (6) months for the last twelve (12) months, maternity leave of at least two (2) weeks prior to the expected date of delivery and another four (4) weeks after normal delivery or abortion with full pay based on her regular or average weekly wages. The employer may require from any woman employee applying for maternity leave the production of a medical certificate stating that delivery will probably take place within two weeks. The maternity leave shall be extended without pay on account of illness medically certified to arise out of the pregnancy, delivery, abortion or miscarriage, which renders the woman unfit for work, unless she has earned unused leave credits from which such extended leave may be charged. The maternity leave provided in this Article shall be paid by the employer only for the first four (4) deliveries by a woman employee after the effectivity of this Code. Another statutory provision which further upholds the governments intent in providing women employees certain benefits in relation to the exercise of their maternal functions is Section 14-A of Republic Act No. 1161 (An Act to Create a Social Security System Providing Sickness, Unemployment, Retirement, Disability and Death Benefits for Employees), better known as the Social Security Law. It more specifically provides for the conditions on how such benefits can be availed of. Section 14-A. Maternity Leave Benefit.  [4]   A covered female employee who has paid at least three monthly maternity contributions in the twelve-month period preceding the semester of her childbirth, abortion, or miscarriage and who is currently employed shall be paid a daily maternity benefit equivalent to one hundred per cent of her present basic salary, allowances and other benefits or the cash equivalents of such benefits for sixty days subject to the following conditions: That the employee shall have notified her employer of her pregnancy and the probable date of her childbirth which notice shall be transmitted to the SSS in accordance with the rules and regulations it may provide; That the payment shall be advanced by the employer in two equal installments within thirty days from the filing of the maternity leave application; That in case of caesarean delivery, the employees shall be paid the daily maternity benefit for seventy-eight days; That payment of daily maternity benefits shall be a bar to the recovery of sickness benefits provided by this Act for the same compensable period of sixty days for the same childbirth, abortion, or miscarriage; That the maternity benefits provided under this section shall be paid only for the first four deliveries after March 13, 1973; That the SSS shall immediately reimburse the employer of one hundred per cent of the amount of maternity benefits advanced to the employee by the employer upon receipt of satisfactory proof of such payment and legality thereof; and That if an employee should give birth or suffer abortion or miscarriage without the required contributions having been remitted for her by her employer to the SSS, or without the latter having been previously notified by the employer of time of the pregnancy, the employer shall pay to the SSS damages equivalent to the benefits which said employee would otherwise have been entitled to, and the SSS shall in turn pay such amount to the employee concerned. The aforementioned provision was amended in the year 1992 by Republic Act No. 7322 entitled, An Act Increasing Maternity Benefits in Favor of Women Workers in the Private Sector, Amending for the Purpose Section 14-A of Republic Act No. 1161, as Amended, and for Other Purposes. The exact words of the law as taken from the said statute are as follows: SEC. 14-A. Maternity Leave Benefit.  [5]  -A covered female employee who has paid at least three monthly maternity contributions in the twelve-month period preceding the semester of her childbirth, abortion or miscarriage and who is currently employed shall be paid a daily maternity benefit equivalent to one hundred percent (100%) of her present basic salary, allowances and other benefits or the cash equivalent of such benefits for sixty (60) days subject to the following conditions: That the employee shall have notified her employer of her pregnancy and the probable date of her childbirth which notice shall be transmitted to the SSS in accordance with the rules and regulations it may provide; That the payment shall be advanced by the employer in two equal installments within thirty (30) days from the filing of the maternity leave application: That in case of caesarean delivery, the employee shall be paid the daily maternity benefit for seventy-eight (78) days; That payment of daily maternity benefits shall be a bar to the recovery of sickness benefits provided by this Act for the same compensable period of sixty (60) days for the same childbirth, abortion, or miscarriage; That the maternity benefits provided under this Section shall be paid only for the first four deliveries after March 13, 1973; That the SSS shall immediately reimburse the employer of one hundred percent (100%) of the amount of maternity benefits advanced to the employee by the employer upon receipt of satisfactory proof of such payment and legality thereof; and That if an employee should give birth or suffer abortion or miscarriage without the required contributions having been remitted for her by her employer to the SSS, or without the latter having been previously notified by the employer of the time of the pregnancy, the employer shall pay to the SSS damages equivalent to the benefits which said employee would otherwise have been entitled to, and the SSS shall in turn pay such amount to the employee concerned. It is necessary to point out that the maternity leave benefits granted in the aforementioned provisions are applicable only to women employees working in the private sectors. The proper and applicable statutory basis for maternity leave benefits granted to employees of the public sector is Commonwealth Act No. 647.  [6]  Such act which provides the female workforce employed in public and government offices and agencies with benefits similar to those employed in the private sector explicitly states that: SECTION 1. Married women who are permanently or temporarily appointed in the service of the Government, or in any of its branches, subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including the corporations and enterprises owned or controlled by the Government, shall, in addition to the vacation and sick leave which they may enjoy now, be entitled in case of pregnancy to a maternity leave of sixty (60) days subject to the following conditions: Permanent and regular employees who have rendered two or more years of continuous service shall be entitled to maternity leave with full pay; Permanent and regular employees who have rendered less than two years of continuous service, shall be entitled to half pay; and, Temporary employees shall be entitled to maternity leave without pay and shall be readmitted to the service at the end of their leave. No employee shall be refused readmission to the service on the ground of absence on account of maternity Awarding such benefits to women employees is unmistakably a considerate and sympathetic initiative of the Philippine government. However, there might be a necessity to look into the sufficiency of the sixty (60) days and seventy-eight (78) days of leave, periods of time for which the law providessuch leave benefit. In determining the adequacy of leave duration, it is but basic to consider (a) how long thebody needs to fully recover from delivery, either through a normal vaginal delivery or through a Caesarean birth considering that it is free from complications; and, (b) the motherly needs of a new bornchild immediately after birth. THE MODES OF CHILDBIRTH Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery (NSVD) is the most common and safest mode of child delivery. It is the process wherein fetal expulsion is accomplished when the baby passes through and out of the vaginal canal. It usually requires minimal medical intervention as it is the normal and natural method that humans deliver an offspring. Naturally, due to factors such as uterine muscle stretching, hormonal changes, and placental age, the uterus is stimulated and begins to contract. Also, the babys head which puts direct pressure on the cervix causes its effacement and dilatation the process by which the cervix shortens in length and thins out while enlarging or widening the opening of the cervical canal. With the subsequent intermittent contractions of the uterus and the effacement and dilatation of the cervix, together with frequentfetalposition changes to keep the smallest diameter of the fetal head always presenting to the smallest diameter of the maternal pelvis, and with the natura l pull of gravity as well, the fetus is propelled through the birth canal and out of the mothers system.  [7]  However, in some instances and due to some abnormalities in the dynamics of childbirth, the fetus cannot efficiently and effectively propel itself out of the birth canal. In such cases, the use of assistive devices such as a vacuum or forceps is necessary to guide and draw out the child from the mothers womb safely.  [8]   It is not in all instances that a vaginal delivery or childbirth is possible. Some occurrences necessitate and require the assumption of alternative methods of childbirth. Problematic occurrences such as,(a) multiple gestation; (b)unusual fetal position and presentation in relation to the vaginal passage; (c) cephalopelvic disproportion -either the fetus is too big for the maternal passage, or the diameter of the maternal pelvic, cervical, or vaginal opening is too small for the fetus to pass;(d)a dysfunctional labor such as an ineffective uterine contraction force, uncoordinated contractions, uterine rupture, or inversion of the uterus;(e) anomalies of the placenta or the umbilical cord such as placenta succenturiata, placenta circumvallata, vasa previa, the prolapse of the umbilical cord, the presence of a two-vessel cord, and an unusual umbilical cord length; or (f) an emergency situation causing severe fetaldistress, prohibit the fetus from being born safely and normally through a vaginal delivery and are thus, among the reasons for which such alternative options need to be implemented.  [9]   A Caesarean delivery or birth is the most common alternative intervention medically advised when a Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery is gravely hazardous and threatening to the mother or the child, or both. This method can also be voluntarily selected by women who do not want to go through the pain and discomfort of the normal processes oflabor and subsequently, childbirth. Caesarean Delivery is the mode of birth accomplished through an abdominal incision into the uterus. It is always slightly more hazardous than vaginal birth. But, rest assured, it is one of the safest types of surgeries and among those with few complications.  [10]  A Caesarean Section (CS) surgery is accomplished by making an incision on the abdominal area which cuts open the uterus and allow for the child to be drawn out of the mothers body. As opposed to a normal vaginal delivery where the medical team waits for the natural expulsion of the placenta, the procedure of Caesarean birth includes the manual rem oval of the placenta. Afterwhich, the internal cavity of the uterus is inspected and the membrane fragments, together withcoagulated blood components and other foreign matters are taken out before the incision is closed. The healing period of this surgical procedure is dependent on several factors including the womans general health condition, her age, nutritional status and fluid and electrolyte balance. However, a major determining aspect is the type of incision made during the operation. A Caesarean section is done by performing either a classic caesarean incision (vertical incision) or a low segment incision (transverse incision, also known as the bikini cut). Between the two aforementioned incisions, the latter is more preferred as it cuts through the non-active portion of the uterine muscle, thus, it allows for a subsequent vaginal birth of future pregnancies. Another advantage of the low segment cut is its faster healing time than a classic incision, and a decreased risk for post-delivery complications.  [11]  Due to its being surgical in nature, a Caesarean birth method usually necessitates more attention and takes a longer recovery period than that of a vaginal delivery. The postpartum, peurperium, or post-partal periodis the time after the delivery of the new born up to the full recovery of the mother wherein psychological and physiological changes occur to restore the womans mind and body to its pre-pregnant state. This progression is applicable to both vaginal delivery and Caesarean birth methods. Physiological changes in the post-partal period relate both specifically to the reproductive system and to the systemic physical condition as well. In the post-partal phase the uterus shrinks and reverts to its approximate pre-pregnancy size and position, the inner membranes and uterine lining slough off and develop into the discharge of lochia a vaginal excretion composed of blood, membrane fragments and mucus, the cervix and the vagina contract and revert to its pre-pregnancy size and diameter. All these events are encompassed in the course of involution, the hallmark process of the postpartum period. Together with involution, changes in the hormonal, circulatory, urinary, gastrointestinal, and integumentary systems also occur to entirely bring back the womans pre-pregnancy physiologic condition.In general, the immediate post-partal period for both vaginal and Caesarean modes of delivery ranges from six (6)to eight (8) weeks or more, putting into consideration that the mother does not develop any postpartum complications. Though, it must be emphasized that a womans body is not fully restored to its pre-pregnant physiology until six (6) moths after delivery.  [12]   NEEDS OF A NEW BORN CHILD During the labor and delivery process, the focus and attention fully belongs to the mother, the childbearer. Conversely, after the delivery process, such focus and attention is shifted to the new born child. Newborns undergo profound physiologic changes at the moment of birth as they are released from a warm, snug, dark, liquid-filled environment that has met all of their basic needs into a chilly, unbounded, brightly lit, gravity-based, outside world.  [13]  As the child is incapable of providing its needs, it becomes fully dependent on the caregiver who, in most instances, is the mother. In viewing the new born holistically, such needs can be classified into two categories the physiologic and the psychological necessities. Encompassed in the new born childs physical needs is: (a)the imperative need for breastfeeding -it is universally agreed that breast milk is the preferred methodof feeding a new born because it provides numerous health benefits to both the mother and the child, unless there are existing contraindications such as infant galactosemia, herpes lesions on the mothers nipples, maternal exposure to radioactive compounds, breast cancer, maternal active and untreated tuberculosis, hepatitis B or C, etc.; (b) the adherence to a feeding-on-demand scheme a new born child should be fed anytime, most preferably breastfed, whenever such is demanded; (c) the observance of a consistent sleeping pattern a newborn sleeps an average of sixteen (16) of every twenty-four (24)hours, an average of 4 hours at a time; (d) maintenance of a proper sleeping position a newborn should be positioned on theback for sleep as this has shown to decrease the incidence of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), asudd en, unexplained death of an infant younger than 1 year of age; (e) on-time vaccination and screening tests; and, (f) proper diaper area care proper diaper area care and preventing diaper dermatitis is a practice that parents usually tend to neglect. Another aspect of the new born childs needs is the psychological part. According to a study aided by the UNICEF, between the ages of zero and five years, critical aspects of childrens physical, cognitive, emotional, social and spiritual developments take place. The events which take place in a childs early life can impact upon their development over the rest of their lifespan.  [14]  A new born childs psychological needs are just as important as the physical ones. Babies need touch and attention from their caregivers to thrive. Cuddling, singing, talking and reading to the baby are all ways to cement the bond between newborn and caregivers. Letting a newborn know he is loved will help him grow into a secure child.  [15]  Erik Erikson, one of the pillar theorists of Psychology, identified the eight (8) stages of Psychosocial Development that a person goes through from birth to death. Stage one (1) of which involves the psychological developmental conflict of a newborn from bir th to one (1) year, and this is trust versus mistrust. According to Erikson, the baby will develop a sense of trust only if the parent or caregiver isresponsive and consistent with the basic needs being met.Babies who are not securely attached to their mothers are less cooperativeand are more aggressive in their interactions. And as they growolder, they become less competent and sympathetic with peers. They also tend to exploretheir environment with less enthusiasm and persistence.  [16]   Evidently, the aforementioned needs of a new born child entail a structured play of events which progress from the moment of birth. It is logical to infer that it takes a much longer period of time when the crucial mother-child interaction is considered than it takes plainly for the recovery from the labor and delivery processes. MATERNITY LEAVE BENEFITS IN OTHER COUNTRIES For purposes of comparison, the Huffington Post Canada shows a chart which indicates the duration of time for which the government of other countries grant maternity leave benefits to women employees.  [17]   The United Nations, as an international organization not subject to the jurisdiction of any single country, have their own legislation on granting maternity leave benefits. According to its Administrative Instruction  [18]  on such matter, an expectant mother shall be entitled to sixteen (16) weeks of paid leave benefit. Six (6) weeks of which is the pre-delivery leave and the remaining ten (10) weeks as post-delivery leave. A shorter period of pre-delivery leave may be granted at the request of the concerned staff member on the basis of a certification from a licensed medical practitioner. However, she shall not be allowed a post-delivery leave of less than ten (10) weeks. As in the case of the United States of America, there is no federal law which specifically grants women employees such paid maternity leave benefits. Instead, what exists is the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) which provides certain employees, subject to certain eligibility conditions, with up to twelve (12) weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave per year for the following reasons: (a) for the birth and care of the new born child; (b) for the placement with the employee of a child for adoption or foster care; (c) to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a serious health condition; or, (d) to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.  [19]  However, according to a report of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, a large share of working parents is either not covered or not eligible for leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act.  [20]  The same report stated that, the United Sta tes has the least generous parental leave policies among the twenty-one (21) high-income countries studied countries included aside from the United States were Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. That, with the exception of only a handful of states, the U.S. law provides no rights and benefits to paid parental leave. In a much closer view, the fellow-Asian countries of the Philippines, except for a few, have also adopted and appreciated the significance of a longer duration of maternal leave. CONS AND PROS OF LEAVE EXTENSION To fairly appraise the necessity of extending the duration of maternity leave in the Philippines, here are a few grounds for which one may argue on why or why not such an appeal should or should not be granted. Some of the contentions aimed against an extended maternity leave as cited by the National Network for Child Care, are: (a) companies may find it costly to pay such employee while holding the job position open for a long period of time there will be an imbalance in the money paid to the person on maternity leave with the amount of work she has provided; (b) possibility of lesser work opportunities for women with a lengthier duration of maternity leave, companies may favor a more homogenous profile of male workers as undoubtedly, there would be minimal occurrences for excusable and compensable work interruptions; and, (c) there might exist a conflict between expectant mothers and non-parent employees the duties and responsibilities, dependent on the position left behind by the employee on leave, needs to be filled in by another worker for the effective and efficient operation of the company, such situation may imbue in the minds of the non-parents an inequity and unfairness in the grant of benefits.  [21]   On the other hand, the obvious advantages of extending the duration of paid maternity leave are as follows: (a) it affords ample time for the full recovery of the mother, especially those who have undergone a Caesarean delivery; (b) it reduces unnecessary stress as the employee adjusts to her role as a parent this supports the contention that such employee will return to work free from the tension and troubles of motherhood; (c) it allows for the fulfilment of maternal responsibilities in response to the physical needs of the new born it is a principle of human nature that there is no better person to provide care and attention to a child than the mother herself ; (d) it promotes mother-child bonding and attachment for purposes of satisfying the psychosocial needs of the new born.  [22]   A MOVE FOR THE EXTENSION OF MATERNITY LEAVE BENEFITS With the details and specifics aforecited, it appears that there is indeed a need to extend the 60-day and 78-day durations of maternity leave benefits granted to Filipino women employees. An extension of 10 days each would be adequate to apportion a reasonable time allowance and ensure that once the employee resumes work, she is a hundred percent ready and prepared, thus, assuring a more effective, efficient and competent performance. This would constitute aseventy (70)-day leave period for normal vaginal delivery instead of 60 days, and aneighty-eight (88)-day leave duration for those who had a Caesarean delivery. Such contention is based on the following grounds: (a) the 60-day period granted for those who have undergone a normal delivery is insufficient so as to enable the mother to completely recover from the effects of the birthing process before getting back to work; (b) the 78-day period granted for those who have undergone Caesarean birth is gravely insufficient as such is b oth a birthing process and a surgical procedure, it requires a much longer healing time; (c) that a longer leave duration would greatly advance the benefits afforded to the youngest generation of the country in terms of their physical and psychosocial development; and, (d) that the Philippines, as a country, has long been left behind by other nations in realizing the pressing need for a longer maternity leave. It seems as though such need has actually been recognized by the members of the Philippine Congress as evidenced by the passing of House Bill No. 3973, also known as An Act Increasing Maternity Leave Benefits from 60 Days to 120 Days or Four Months. Such House Bill was initiated by Liza Maza and LuzvimindaIlagan, representatives of the General Assembly Binding Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Leadership, and Action (GABRIELA) Partylist. House Representative LuzvimindaIlagan said that, Extending the period for maternity leave will not only give mothers the opportunity to fully recover, it will also give them the chance to breastfeed infants during the first four months. She also added that, the proposed legislation would also help address the maternal and infant mortality rates in the country.  [23]   Such matters regarding the definite and suitable length of time for which maternity leave benefits should be granted are, as of the moment, still left hanging and undecided. Thus, it is entirely within the control of the Philippine Legislature to resolve such concerns, in the effort of balancing and equalizing the interests of the concerned employee and the employers, for the greater benefit of the general public.

freedol Pain of Freedom in Ibsens A Dolls House :: Dolls House essays

The Pain of Freedom in A Doll’s House Three Sources In Henrik Isben's play, A Doll’s House, the characters of Nora Helmer, Kristine Linde, and Nils Krogstad suffered to achieve their freedom. A woman of the Victorian period, Nora Helmer was both a prisoner of her time as well as a pioneer. In her society women were viewed as a inferior to men and were not provided full legal rights. Women of that era were expected to stay at home and attend to the needs of their spouse and children. Nora was a free spirit just waiting to spread her wings; her husband Torvald would constantly disallow the slightest pleasures that she aspired to have, such as macaroons. Nora lived a life of lies in order to hold her marriage together. She kept herself pleased with little things such as telling Dr. Rank and Mrs. Linde; "I have such a huge desire to say-to hell and be damned!" (Isben 59) Just so she could release some tension that was probably building inside her due to all the restrictions that Torvald had set up, such as forbidding macaroons. The need for her to consume these macaroons behind her controlling husband's back was a way for her to satisfy her sense of needing to be an independent woman. Upon the arrival of her old friend Kristine Linde, Nora took it upon herself to find her friend a job since she had gone through a lot in her life. She asked her husband Torvald, who also happened to be the new manager at the bank if Kristine could have a job and he responded with an afirmative response. Mrs. Helmer had also stated that she had single handedly saved her husband's life when she took out a loan for his benefit. However, in those days women were unable to get a loan without their husband's consent or another male's signature, so Nora took it upon herself to forge her father's signature in order to secure the welfare of Torvald. She saw it as her obligation as a loving wife to break the law so she would be able to save a life, especially when it was the life of her husband. Others though saw it as a criminal offence; Nils Krogstad for example accused Nora of violating the law to which Nora replied: This I refuse to believe.

john adams revolution Essay -- essays papers

john adams revolution John Adams explains how the revolution began when he says, "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced (37-38). The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people, "proving there was a feeling of revolution as soon as people left England to come to the New World" (25). The duel for America created a restlessness among the independent minded Americans. However, mother England saw the necessity of holding her colonies. Eventually, tension is felt between the two sides, resulting in colonial unity and the sovereignty of a new republic. There were many causes and effects of the American Revolution. There were many causes that sparked America's new sense of individuality (p.26). One of the first causes was the increased confidence in military strength, which caused a rise in colonial self-esteem. This increase in self-esteem was a result of the valuable gained from the French and Indian War. The French and Indian War, also shattered the myth of British invincibility, showing the colonials that anything was possible. Another cause of the colonials sense of individuality was that friction between Britain and the colonies rose. American settlers felt that they deserved credit rather than contempt for risking their lives to secure a new world empire, where as the British refused to even recognize any American militia commission about the rank of a captain. Also, British official were further distressed by the reluctance of the colonials to support the common cause wholeheartedly. Also, individuality was a sense in the minds of the colonists the day they set foot on the new continent. Individuality began with the fact that to emigrate was to revel, and those who went to the New World, were in fact rebels because of the distance they put between themselves and Britain. Also, the distance between the New World and Britain, instigated individuality because of the long distance to travel between both places; it left the colonies both physically and spiritually separated from the New World. The colonies knew that distance weakens authority, but great distances weaken authority even more. The American environment also nurtured the feelings of independence because of the unchanging surroundings of England, coming to the New World offered a change of pace for the colonies because they now had their own world to ma... ...nies came together for one common cause and they weren't going to back down" (97). Finally, the revolution and the war tremendously effected America. One of the most significant results of the revolution and war on America was the signing of the Declaration of Independence in which the signers pledged all that they had or believed in to protect their independence. The Declaration of Independence stated what to ideal government was and what to colonies intended on doing to ensure the best possible environment and opportunities for years to come. Another effect of the revolution and war is that the United States borders were extended to Florida and the Mississippi River. As Thomas Jefferson started, by assembling such prestige groups of men, we have learned more and will continue to learn from these men's examples, rather than the examples of armies. In conclusion, the American Revolution did not radically change the entire political or social framework. People went on with their everyday lives, undisturbed by what was gong on. However, the revolution did help America to evolve into an independent nation, which could now live fearlessly knowing that anything was possible.

Deforestation: Its Devastating Effects on South American Rainforests Es

Introduction Tropical rainforests are the Earth?s oldest, richest, most productive, and most complex living ecosystems. They are located throughout many of the world?s continents including South America, Africa, and Asia and are defined by a few specific factors. Their location must be within the regions of the tropics and they must receive between 4-8 meters of rain per year (compared to about 1-2 meters in the United States). These forests also have no ?seasonality?, which means that they lack a definite dry or cold season of slowed growth. Rainforests are the most valuable environmental entity on this earth as they provide the world with the majority of its species of animals and plants, food resources, and medicines. Because of their extreme importance, rainforests are also being used for economic and social welfare. The rate of habitat destruction has increased to 2.47 acres per second, 214,000 acres each day, and about 78 million acres each year. Rainforests house more than half of the living organisms on Earth, but 50,000 of these species are becoming extinct in these unique regions per year. That translates into 6 species per hour and 137 species each day. These worldwide numerical rates show the urgency that is required to save these precious forests. Information involving the destruction occurring in South America currently and in the past will offer a more intimate view concerning the effects of rainforest deforestation. Characteristics of South American Rainforests Overview South America, with its rich and far reaching tropical forests, is a key example of the harsh realities of tropical rainforest depletion. Countries such as Brazil, Bolivi... ... shelter, materials, oxygen, medicine, and wealth. The economic profit and modernization available from these vast stretches of resource-filled land, entices both companies and consumers to take advantage of the environment. This ignorance and selfishness has led to the nearly complete devastation of these great resource treasures. Without these regions, much of the species on Earth would suffer to the point of extinction. It is obvious that unless consumption is slowed significantly and these areas of diversity are allowed to maintain and regain their dominance over the South American landscape, not much time will pass before their complete disappearance is a reality. With a combined effort from many developed countries around the world and the governments of the native rainforest nations, salvation can be achieved for these priceless South American rainforests.

Changes and Continuities of Islam Essay

The period from 600 C.E to 1450 is often referred to as the Post Classical period. There were many developments and reforms that occurred during this period however one of the most important events that happened was the establishment and the spread of Islam. Islam is a very prominent religion in the world for its profound values and principles. During the Post Classical Era, Islam from the Middle East was considered a persistent religion but it also went through many altercations as the society changed over time. The first major change is that Islam was born and developed over time. Before 600 C.E, Middle East was not such an organized society because its people worshipped several thousand gods as idols and used them for corrupted purposes. However, this man called Mohammad sought to change the society, considering it being so fraudulent. He soon then developed the religion of Islam, missioned by the angel from God, and the first pilgrimage to Kaaba occurred in 632 C.E. From there the religion of Islam grew popular and spread to many different regions of the world such as North Africa to Spain. By that, it can be known that many people began to worship the religion. The second change is that as different people start to adopt the religion, powers changed. Even from when Mohammad died, people even split for whom they wanted to give the power to. There were various conflicts in choosing the power. The third major change was in the gender relationships. Even though the Islamic society was highly patriarchal, women enjoyed a more active and stronger voice in society and were allowed to take highly valued roles in government, business, and education as the time passed. The continuities of Islam in the Middle East were in the aspects of trade, gender relationship, education and tradition. Muslim merchants, pilgrims, and missionaries continued to trade over the Silk Road even though time passed. Trade improved agricultural productions, which eventually resulted in the development of commercial centers. Maritime trade in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, and Indian Ocean also continued but the  number of trades increased gradually. Even though the above paragraph illustrate how the women were able to gradually gain power the dominant power of males continued. Though the Quran recognized women as honorable and equal to men, the practice of veiling women created a symbol of male authority in the Islamic community. Education was always one of the most essential aspects of the Muslim society. Missionaries, mosques, and Islamic educational institutions were established throughout the dar al-Islam. Baghdad continued to flourish as a center of learning and culture. Also, Arabic remained as the language of religion, theology, philosophy and law, while the Persian language dominated literature, poetry, history and political reflection. Talking about language, most of the rituals and tradition carried on. As Muslims made the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) constantly, mosques and inns were continuously established. Over the centuries these pilgrims helped to spread Islamic beliefs and values. The global aspect of Islam is emphasized since Islam is one of the cultures that spread very widely throughout the world and became one of the most prominent religions in the world. It influenced the cultures of the countries of North Africa such as the famous Mali and Spain. Mali ruler Mansa Musa observed Islamic tradition by making his pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) in 1324-1325. He gave out gold all along his journey. Upon his return to Mali, he built mosques, particularly in the trading cities frequented by Muslim merchants. He also sent students to study with distinguished Islamic scholars in North Africa. He had 500 slaves on his trip to Mecca. Like this, Islam basically supplemented traditional religions of Africa and other regions of the world that got affected by the religion. Therefore, the Islam from the Middle East in the Post Classical Era made effort to be a persistent religion but never was afraid of altercations to become a better religion for the people to worship.

Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of noetic processes and behavior and how they Lancaster uses tools and look methods to lowstand psychic processes & behavior Has a biological bounds (changing nature of body impacts way we dissemble and who we ar) and a cultural boundary (culture shapes man behavior) Psychology is approximately understanding a persons biological make-up, their mental experience and matter and cultural affirmground Brief muniment Psychology has stemmed from philosophical root and philosophical questions (1)Free exit or determinusinism Do spate freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do moral and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and reckoning In the aboriginal stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) father of data-based psychological science contract on elements and introspection of consciousness experience ( paper of stimulus) 1879 Wilhelm Wound conventional the morsel 1 ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wounds heighten on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focus n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)Strong emphasis on billet on mental processes in adapting to the milieu Gestalt psychology the whole Is bigger than the elements that system the whole Perception and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama stance Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not boththing we think, feel and remember we ar aware of (unconscious), around aspects of hidden take downts from us ca victimisation anxiety (mental processes in conflict) high-power Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness erstwhile(prenominal) events become part of unconsciousness (find them, live and talk through)Lecture NotesRevenge determent Get free of them, take up them of the streets avenging Just desserts nicety, proportionate The pun ishment mustiness fit the wickedness It must be proportionate Contravention of brotherly ordination requires pay back to parliamentary procedure or quintet Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future iniquity voluptuary calculus If the pleasure out shipway the pain deterrence is ineffective oecumenic Deterrence, and Specific You see a jock commit a detestation and you dont ask to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In arrangement for deterrence to be affective demonstration Is he most important if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence pass water?Some condemnations it does work (they get out, and they dont urgency to go back) and sometimes it doesnt work ( mass sometimes bargain with the judge to get station into Jail longer, or they go back to abomination) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In th e sense of freedom we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it international is tough on a hatful of people Im prisonment, deprivation of liberty stumble problem elements from society Rehabilitation reference work underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, non disgust Assumes shifting potential of renewal within a punitive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate some unity in a prison setting where you got people in an anxious setting and so on ND it becomes a hand to a greater extent challenging nicety Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed less(prenominal) focus on solving problems of offensive nonion that vindictive punishment is most enamour response to execration Trend in US ND spateada toward punitive approaches impudent Pensiveness From mid-sasss Claim of global tour toward harsher CA sanct ions more(prenominal) and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S suffer totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation adjoin use of prison, more abuses result in prison, increase prison lengths, mandatory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S pack totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For type in Arizona they make their inmates resist pink suits Zero border strategiesZero tolerance means they have to enunciate everything even if its a push fight deuce-ace strikes legislation If you do two atrocious criminal offenses on the third serious offence you get a life destine Use of capital punishment It does non have an effect on abhorrence rates In ejectada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and and then it would go right back to where it was acrid CSS policies are response to incre asing human race disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral manakin Leap backward, shift away from simple mindedness Stretching the limits of punishment intemperate Justice War on medicates in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the roof sortie is utilise by the embarrasseder segmentation people Cocaine is used by the middle and upper class The jurisprudence are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is make full with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinists Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon prison used to target race alliance between Get Tough and offence order Little relationship between crime and incarceration rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you require but it will not devote a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Gre ater unlikeness = higher incarceration rates uneconomical move away from pensiveness precedent Texas vs California Texas fatigued a lot of money on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada juvenility incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you cant put children under the age of 12 in Jail. iniquitous responsibility Category Age Children Under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal sorting of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing penalty Summary Provincial court suppose $2000 both Indictable (Felony U. S term both mean the same thing) Less serious provincial court stress Most serious provincial excellent court by federally constitute Judge All others Judge without control board Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or guilty Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas Representations of detesta tion Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology Study of association What do we know to the highest degree crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations? prevalent Sources News Word of mouth Problems with catch Crime Hidden Subject of query is deliberately Insight Criminals have little(a) insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about some other Cost Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope more crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being Fear Can resolve it on your own police force might/wont do anything about it May not think its a crime/dont define it as a crime Street youth, they dont trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you wont report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistics about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an accurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The dark visualise of crime Self-Report persuasions Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples situation etc Who commits the most crime Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of anger (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report Indicate that a large number of crimes are not reported representative Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, retention damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People dont want to be alone at night put to sleep the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness accession understanding and trust between police and immunity leaders Empower and build up community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive measure strategies Decentralized operations and management find new skills in police racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a junto of these, rather than on a presumable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected exertion by someone who tests the description of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? ground on stereotypical assumptions because of ones race, color, ethnicity, etc. show of disproportiona te stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport advantageously police work or self-fulfilling omen Intuition, suspicion Visibility, definition If you are a young black phallic with an education you are more presumable to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard works people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **