Lecture Notes

Scientific Investigation of noetic processes and behavior and how they Lancaster uses tools and look methods to lowstand psychic processes & behavior Has a biological bounds (changing nature of body impacts way we dissemble and who we ar) and a cultural boundary (culture shapes man behavior) Psychology is approximately understanding a persons biological make-up, their mental experience and matter and cultural affirmground Brief muniment Psychology has stemmed from philosophical root and philosophical questions (1)Free exit or determinusinism Do spate freely choose their behavior or Is It characterized from lawful patterns? (2) Mind-Body Problem- How do moral and psychical elements interact?Germany was center of psychological research and reckoning In the aboriginal stages (19th century) Structuralism (Wilhelm Wound 1832- 1920) father of data-based psychological science contract on elements and introspection of consciousness experience ( paper of stimulus) 1879 Wilhelm Wound conventional the morsel 1 ever laboratory of psychology Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Criticized Wounds heighten on elements and consciousness to behavior Instead of focus n structure of consciousness rather think why (behavior)Strong emphasis on billet on mental processes in adapting to the milieu Gestalt psychology the whole Is bigger than the elements that system the whole Perception and creating meaning as human beings Experiment orientated Psychodrama stance Sigmund Freed (1856-1939) Not boththing we think, feel and remember we ar aware of (unconscious), around aspects of hidden take downts from us ca victimisation anxiety (mental processes in conflict) high-power Interplay between consciousness and unconsciousness erstwhile(prenominal) events become part of unconsciousness (find them, live and talk through)Lecture NotesRevenge determent Get free of them, take up them of the streets avenging Just desserts nicety, proportionate The pun ishment mustiness fit the wickedness It must be proportionate Contravention of brotherly ordination requires pay back to parliamentary procedure or quintet Deterrence Threat of punishment will prevent future iniquity voluptuary calculus If the pleasure out shipway the pain deterrence is ineffective oecumenic Deterrence, and Specific You see a jock commit a detestation and you dont ask to Specific Is you Certainty, Celerity, Severity These need to be close together In arrangement for deterrence to be affective demonstration Is he most important if you are certain you are going to get caught, you wont do it. Does deterrence pass water?Some condemnations it does work (they get out, and they dont urgency to go back) and sometimes it doesnt work ( mass sometimes bargain with the judge to get station into Jail longer, or they go back to abomination) Incapacitation (Prison) Symbolic denouncement of act communicated to offenders and society through use of punishment In th e sense of freedom we as people of society we value our freedom, and taking it international is tough on a hatful of people Im prisonment, deprivation of liberty stumble problem elements from society Rehabilitation reference work underlying causes facing the offender Focus on offender, non disgust Assumes shifting potential of renewal within a punitive context The problem with rehabilitation is that it believes that you can rehabilitate some unity in a prison setting where you got people in an anxious setting and so on ND it becomes a hand to a greater extent challenging nicety Policies Trend in Policies There is more emphasis on incapacitation, retribution, deterrence Rehabilitation, reparation overshadowed less(prenominal) focus on solving problems of offensive nonion that vindictive punishment is most enamour response to execration Trend in US ND spateada toward punitive approaches impudent Pensiveness From mid-sasss Claim of global tour toward harsher CA sanct ions more(prenominal) and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S suffer totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation adjoin use of prison, more abuses result in prison, increase prison lengths, mandatory minimums More and more punishment is increased, some states in the U. S pack totally gotten rid of community sanctions and probation Shaming initiatives, austere prison regimes For type in Arizona they make their inmates resist pink suits Zero border strategiesZero tolerance means they have to enunciate everything even if its a push fight deuce-ace strikes legislation If you do two atrocious criminal offenses on the third serious offence you get a life destine Use of capital punishment It does non have an effect on abhorrence rates In ejectada the death penalty did not have an impact on crime rates In states for the first two weeks it would go down and and then it would go right back to where it was acrid CSS policies are response to incre asing human race disorder, rising crime, deterioration of moral manakin Leap backward, shift away from simple mindedness Stretching the limits of punishment intemperate Justice War on medicates in 1971 Drug offences is what is driving the crime rates in the U. S out the roof sortie is utilise by the embarrasseder segmentation people Cocaine is used by the middle and upper class The jurisprudence are targeting the lower class that is using crack So the prisons and sanctions in the U.S is make full with the minority people, such as blacks and Latinists Tough on crime policies and election platforms 1980 = 40,000, 2008 = 500,000 Simon prison used to target race alliance between Get Tough and offence order Little relationship between crime and incarceration rates There is no relationship with how tough you are on crime and the crime rate. You can e as tough as you require but it will not devote a dent on the crime rate. High welfare spending = low incarceration rates Gre ater unlikeness = higher incarceration rates uneconomical move away from pensiveness precedent Texas vs California Texas fatigued a lot of money on offences, which in turn had zero effect on the crime rate, where as California spent no money, and they had the same rates as Texas who spent a lot of money Canada juvenility incarceration rate Canada put in place laws and barriers that stated you cant put children under the age of 12 in Jail. iniquitous responsibility Category Age Children Under 12 None Youth 12-17 Diminished Adults 18+ Full Legal Legal sorting of Criminal Offences Offence Hearing penalty Summary Provincial court suppose $2000 both Indictable (Felony U. S term both mean the same thing) Less serious provincial court stress Most serious provincial excellent court by federally constitute Judge All others Judge without control board Up to Life Hybrid Can be summary or guilty Prosecutor discretion Record, circumstances Varies Cocoas Representations of detesta tion Lecture 3 Non. 29) Epistemology Study of association What do we know to the highest degree crime? How do we know what we know? How do we acquire our knowledge? What are its limitations? prevalent Sources News Word of mouth Problems with catch Crime Hidden Subject of query is deliberately Insight Criminals have little(a) insight into the broader nature of their behavior What does one murderer know about some other Cost Access in costly, time consuming and partial Scope more crime lies beyond the scope of research Access Sociologists cannot pass effortlessly into every situation Barriers exist within social worlds Representation Social worlds are not representative Official Sources of Crime Statistics The Crime Funnel Citizens detect crime A lot of people do not report crime, for reasons being Fear Can resolve it on your own police force might/wont do anything about it May not think its a crime/dont define it as a crime Street youth, they dont trust the police because they are victimized If you are engaging in criminal behavior you wont report crime to the police.Uniform Crime Reports Standardized counts of crime known to police National statistics about crime Applies standard definitions to all offences Counts used to determine crime rates The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics Limitations Mainly the crime funnel Justice system does not give an accurate portrayal of crime Unreported crime The dark visualise of crime Self-Report persuasions Asks people about the crimes they have committed You can get peoples situation etc Who commits the most crime Young Adults Identifies some unreported crimes (dark figure) Measure attitudes and prevalence of anger (primary peers) Factorization Surveys Asks victims about crimes they did not report Indicate that a large number of crimes are not reported representative Canadian Urban Factorization Survey Direct Measures Economic loss, physical injury, retention damage Indirect Measures Fear of crime and its effects People dont want to be alone at night put to sleep the doorsEstablish new expectations and measurements for police effectiveness accession understanding and trust between police and immunity leaders Empower and build up community-based efforts Commitment to long-term proactive measure strategies Decentralized operations and management find new skills in police racial and Criminal Profiling Racial Criminal Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection, that relies on stereotypes about race, color, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, or place of origin, or a junto of these, rather than on a presumable suspicion, to single out an individual for greater scrutiny or different treatment.Relies on actual behavior or on information about suspected exertion by someone who tests the description of a specific individual. What is Racial Profiling? ground on stereotypical assumptions because of ones race, color, ethnicity, etc. show of disproportiona te stops When is it profiling? B, women in spousal relationship killed, airport advantageously police work or self-fulfilling omen Intuition, suspicion Visibility, definition If you are a young black phallic with an education you are more presumable to be stopped by police. ** By in large police officers in Canada are intelligent hard works people who want to serve Justice to the general public. **