Social Experiemt Essay Example for Free

Social Experiemt Essay For my sociology experiment, I chose to act like a stranger in my own house. The way I did this was by doing small things such as asking other people, mainly my brothers, to do things such as get me drinks and bring me in my dinner. I noticed while carrying out my experiment that even though my brothers may not have necessarily been happy to be bossed around by me, they still did everything that I asked them to do without question. I think this is because they saw my identity seemed as if it had changed, and they therefore felt that because I was acting like a guest in my own house, that I should be treated in that way. I am going to carry out my experiment by acting like I am a stranger in my own house, by asking other people to do things for me, and also not doing things such as laying down on the couch. I am going to do it during a weekend because it is the time when I am at home for the longest periods of time after I have finished working and it is also when everyone else is most likely to be in. I dont think that there are any ethical implications from me carrying out this experiment, as I dont think that it can cause anyone any long term ill-health or create any side-effects that are long-term. It could possibly cause someone stress whilst I am carrying out my experiment as it could make them be rushed and feel under pressure to do what I tell them to do and could also be very annoying if I was always waiting for them to tell me what to do, such as taking my shoes off when I go in the house. I think that because I was acting in a strange way, they gave me a new social identity, which was not that of a brother or a son, but of a stranger living in the same house as them. Even though I kept my own personal identity, I managed to change my social identity for a small amount of time. Although at first they didnt seem to understand what I was doing by asking them to get me things, they soon realised that if they didnt do it for me that I wouldnt get it at all, so they felt as if they were almost being forced to get things for me. I felt that norms like me being more responsible and having to look after my brothers were no longer in place and that although they knew that I was in charge, they were the ones that ultimately had to take control and act as if they were hosts. I think that towards the end of my experiment that my brothers were getting a bit frustrated with having to do things that I told them to do, and also with them having to tell me where to sit etc. However, my own feelings were not affected, and if anything, I felt as if it was a nice change for me to be able to ask my younger brothers to get me things, instead of the usual situation it is whereby they are always asking me for things.

Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in biochemistry and molecular biology. It is used to separate DNA or RNA molecules by size. Since DNA and RNA have negatively charge, when they go through an agarose matrix with an electric field, they will move from cathode to anode. The shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer molecules; therefore the different sizes molecules can be separate. The most important factor which affects the migration is the length of the DNA molecules. A restriction enzyme, is an enzyme that cuts double stranded DNA following its specific recognition of short nucleotide sequences, is used to cut the DNA into small fragments. The unique recognition sequences are usually tetra- or hexanucleotide palindromes with axes of dyad symmetry. Which means the sequence on one strand reads the same in the reverse direction on the complementary strand, e.g. GTATAC and its complementary strand CATATG. Recognition sequences in DNA differ for each restriction enzyme, producing differences in the length, sequence and strand orientation of the DNA fragments. Plasmid is an extra chromosomal DNA molecule, which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA. It is circular and double stranded. Plasmid is usually found in bacteria. The size of plasmid is between 1 to 200 kilobase pairs. In this experiment, a specific recombinant plasmid pBR325 was analyzed, and hence a restriction map would be constructed. METHOD As described in the practical manual RESULTS From the photograph, four unknown plasmid fragments migrated distance could be measured and hence the four fragments size could be found: In lane 2: migrated distance of the fragment was 36.5mm, therefore 11.00 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; In lane 3: migrated distance of the near fragment was 42.5mm, therefore 7.08 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; migrated distance of the further fragment was 66mm, therefore 3.98 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; In lane 4: migrated distance of the near fragment was 40.75mm, therefore 7.94 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; migrated distance of the further fragment was 73mm, therefore 2.82 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; In lane 5: migrated distance of the near fragment was 50mm, therefore 6.31 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; migrated distance of the further fragment was 53mm, therefore 5.62 kilobase would be the size of this fragment; The 4 unknown plasmid size and migrated distance were showed in following table: The size of the plasmid could be found, which was about 11 kilobase. Since the plasmid was only cut by EcoRI + BamHI in about 4:8 ratio of the plasmid, therefore the restriction map for EcoRI + BamHI could be construted: DISCUSSION The nucleic acids migrated from cathode to anode since it had negatively charge. The cutting ratio of three enzymes could be found by the size of fragment as result showed. The last lane, which was the uncut plasmid, was loaded, in order to compare with the EcoRI enzyme cut fragment. The migrated distance of this uncut plasmid was large than EcoRI cuts migrated distance, which could be measured from graph. EcoRI cuts fragment was like uncoiled elastic. It encounters more resistance migrating through a gel because it is spread out and will be in direct contact with more of the gel matrix. Uncut plasmid was tightly coiled, like a balled up elastic. While the molecule may be the same size, the coiling compresses it, allowing it to encounter less resistance when migrating through the gel. This indicated the minimum base pairs of the plasmid. If a hybrid recombinant plasmid was constructed from pBR325 by the insertion of a fragment of DNA at the BamHI restriction site, firstly the total size of the plasmid got bigger. To determine the size of the inserted fragment, EcoRI and PstI were used to cut the plasmid, and result was compared with original plasmids fragment to get the size of the inserted fragment. There was no additional band visible behind the main uncut plasmid band in lane 7. If there ware, they must be the chromosomal DNA bands, the absent of these in lane 2, 3, 4 and 5 was because they were too small, might not be seen, or ran off the gel. The fluorescent bands of the DNA restriction fragments in lane 2, 3, 4, and 5 were several fold brighter than the uncut plasmid band in lane 7. It was because that the DNA fragment are free at both ends and can uncoil and pick up as much EtBr as it fits, whereas the uncut plasmid could not uncoil more than a certain amount without the phosphate chain breaking: for every incorporated molecule of EtBr it had an area of local under-coiling that had to be compensated by another area of over-coiling, this area would not incorportate any EtBr. So the number of EtBr molecules it could pick up was limited because of sterical considerations. Therefore the DNA fragment had less sterical restrictions, stained more than the uncut plasmid.

The origins of the Strategy

The origins of the Strategy This domain has quickly evolved for the company in the same way: to reach the objectives. The corporate strategy today involved the specification over long term goals and objectives that will create add value. Every aspects of the organization have his own function (people, finances, productions, and environment). A corporate strategy is driven by the companys goal which can be several purposes: for example provide works to his employees, distribute a dividend to the stakeholders or give a wider range of products to the customers. The goal of any strategy, according to Porter, is to create a competitive advantage. In other words, a strategy would create an advantage regards as his competitors (low cost, differentiationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) and to create value for the customers. Corporate Strategy is the pattern of mayor objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business the company is in or to be in and the kind of company it is or is to be Lynch, 1997. Another role given to the corporate strategy is to make the link between the internal management of the organizations resources and the external relation between the different actors (suppliers, customers, competitors, economic environment) Today, two of the mains routes of corporate strategy are the Emergent and Prescriptive strategies. In the past, only the prescriptive strategy was used; but several environmental modifications (like oil price growing) have created and developed more incertitude for companies with this planned approach. Thus, the emergence strategy appears. These two strategies are going to be discussed and developed through this report. After that, I will explain with a relevant example, Maersk Line. PARLER COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The Prescriptive Strategy PRESCRIPTIVE According to Lynch, a prescriptive is one where the objective has been defined in advance and the main elements have been developed before the strategy commences. (Corporate Strategy, Lynch, 2000, p.52). The prescriptive strategy involves a tight supervision of all the planning process by the top of the management. For example, the top management expresses its initial requirements and issues broad guidelines to the lower levels of the organisations, which are then, translate into concrete action plans. The head quarter, through careful analysis would think about how the resources are going to be coordinated and redistributed among the business. (Corporate Strategy, Roger Bennett, 1999, p.356). So, the strategy would be developed into a linear system where everything is known. From the start to go, (where are we now), to the final objective. The prescriptive approach process is divided in 3 steps: Strategic Analysis Strategic Development Strategic Implementation Æ’Â  These 3 steps are clearly separated: The strategy would be developed according the environment and the resources of the company (macroeconomic, politicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.) on an agreed objective. Porter and Ansoff argue that the maximisation of the return on the capital is one of the main aims in a company. All the strategy will start from this point. The company will reconsider his missions/objectives if something would change and then works on all the options than the company will develop. But, before that the strategy commences. The company will select option(s) against the likelihood of achieving objective. To find the strategic route to reach the objectives will come out of the rational selection. His development would be done according: Consistency of the objectives Financial Æ’Â   do we have the resources? Suitability Æ’Â   how the options match with environment? (SWOT Analysis cf. Andrews) Validity Æ’Â   is the strategy logical and reasonable? Feasibility Æ’Â   do we have the environment to implement the options? Risks Æ’Â   are they important? Does it follow the stakeholders expectations? These essentials 7 points show that the evaluation is very important in the development process. The implementation of the strategy will be the final step according the chosen strategy option. Everything is going to be defined before than the company integer the market (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch, p.54-55) Here an example of prescriptive strategy Sources: http://www.global-strategy.net/categories/Strategicmanagement Advantages Complete overview of the organisation There is a possibility to compare all the objectives. Clear picture of different choices that the company can use regards as the resources. The organisation has the possibility to observe the agreed plan as it is implemented. As well, the progression can be evaluated. Source: (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) Disadvantages Difficulties According to Mintzberg and Porter, there is no possibility to predict the future enough accurately to make rational and realistic choices. If the desire to organise the strategy is too developed, the creativity potential of the company and his members can be choked. ( Strategy Safari, p58) Define the long term strategy would not be possible. The strategies proposed present a logical and a capability to be managed in the way proposed. As well, to control all the variables can be a really difficult work. It tends to favour a centralization and concentration of decision making at senior management. Only the chief executive has the power of the decision between all the options. Nobody needs to persuade him on his decision. This can lead to a bad decision. It presents some very simplistic actions as the implementation phase that is separate and distinctive and only comes after than a strategy has been approved. Planning can be a source of strength and become a major obstacle for the flexibility and adaptability of the enterprise and thereby harm the development of innovative ideas. Haut du formulaire Source: (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) The emergent strategy EMERGENT Lynch says that an emergent strategy is a strategy whose final objective is unclear and whose elements are developed during the course of its life, as a strategy proceeds. A strategy emerges and adapts her-self to the environment and the humans needs. This idea is one of the fundamental lines of the emergent strategy. Nevertheless, it has to be noted that there are an important number of variations possible. (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) The emergent strategy process is not lock on Top Down schema (which is formed earlier, like the prescriptive strategy). This strategy build in bottom-top structure, can be developed from the ideas and constructions coming directly from the market reality. The participative management integers tools like the management system control which promote the emergence of new strategy. (Simons, 1995) (Strategy Safari, Minztberg Ahlstrand Lampel) One of the recommendations, according Scott D. Anthony, Mark Johnson is to keep the door open for all the new ideas coming from the field and not to be too rigorous with the definitions of the objectives and be able to change the lines of the strategy at any time. Thank to the person working directly on the field whose brings essential information regard as the market expectations. Henry Mintzberg As we say, an emergent strategy is open for any changes. During this revision of the strategy, it allows to alter the course of the strategy judiciously or more radically, to redesign the strategy in order to take advantage of an opportunity. The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty. Winston Churchill There is not final objective with an emergent approach. This is more like a series of experimental approach and discussion developed than the strategy goes ahead. The development and the implementation of the emergent approach are not distinct. These 2 stages work together. Firstly, we are going to identify what are the objectives. The strategy emerges from the background and knowledge of the company. It has to be very clear. After the objectives are defined, we discuss about the different options/choices possible and argue with members within the company to develop and implement to strategy. If the strategy works, it will stay on the same way trying to optimize. However, if the strategy does not meet the objectives, all the members will discuss about another compromise.And so on. We could say than this process has a circular structure. (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) Sources: http://www.global-strategy.net/categories/Strategicmanagement Emergent STRATEGY Advantages The strategy evolves continuously. It is a very flexible approach that can be developed over time according the new resources, policy and market expectations. Very efficient into fast moving market. It allows a constant development as more as the company learns about the strategy and market situation. The implementation is redefined, so it is an integral part of the strategy development process. The fact to work in a day by day approach allows the optimal culture to emerge instead of an artificial planning process Source: (Corporate Strategy, 2006, Lynch) Disadvantages Difficulties All the members of the company would have a very relevant knowledge about what the company does. The vision must be unified to avoid any muddle which can cost a lot to the company. The experience would be a really important point to counter this concern. According to Mintzberg, it is more complex to develop than a prescriptive strategy because it is constantly changing and ask more implication in the long term. Although the process of the strategy selection has to be softening according to the managers acceptation, this does not make it wrong; rational decision making based on evidence has a greater chance than a premonition or a personal whim. After the presentation about the emergent and prescriptive approach, I think interesting to take in consideration the debate between these two kinds of strategies. This is what I am going to speak about in the next part: DISCUSSION Today, according to March, a lot of companies are confronted to combine two conflicting ideas to survive: firstly, the capability and maintain of their aptitudes into a changing market, and secondly, the control and the stabilization on certain strategic activity than reach their maturity. (March, 1991). We are actually between the emergent and prescriptive approach. The idea of Jansen, in 2005, gives a good illustration of the combination: the adaptation into a changing environment, explore new ideas or new processes and to develop new products and service for emerging market. At the same time, they need to be stable to maintain and exploit their actual competences and operate into existing market. Thus, the management is between two sides: the exploration and the exploitation. EXPLOITATION EXPLORATION Improvement Choice Production Efficiency Selection Implementation Execution Research Variation Ventured Strategy Game Acting Flexibility Discovery Innovation MARCH 1991, p71 These two philosophies appear closely related. In 1934, Schumpeter developed a thesis saying that if the company creator stops innovating, he would lose, in opposition, his creator position. (). Therefore, we can see that the prescriptive notion appears integral part of the emergent approach. Mintzberg says that the planning and the strategy are different. He argues that a bureaucratic or analytical planning process mislead the managers into thinking that they are planning strategically and hence developing and improving organizational for the future. He has received a lot of critics. Indeed, a lot of people say that his approach his very simplistic. D. Powell says: Planning must involve both analysis and thinking. Changing labels wont improve poor processes or teach planning skills to those who lack them. Mintzberg raises a valid issue, but he fails to offer any real solutions. http://planningskills.com/askdan/11.php Parler que avoir les capacities peut faire la difference dans une organisation The different management school are The company would be confronted to a dilemma between Le concept de stratà ©gie à ©mergente  « ouvre la voie à   lapprentissage, parce quil reconnaà ®t le droit de lentreprise à   faire des expà ©riences. Une action isolà ©e sera menà ©e, des retombà ©es seront observà ©es, et le processus continuera jusquà   ce que lentreprise se rassemble sur un modà ¨le, qui deviendra sa stratà ©gie  » (Mintzberg et al., 1999, p. 198). En dautres termes :  « Lentreprise a pris des mesures, lune aprà ¨s lautre, qui ont fini par converger pour donner une certaine cohà ©rence, ou schà ©ma  » (Mintzberg et al., 1999, p. 21). Or, pour Mintzberg et ses co-auteurs, toute stratà ©gie en prise avec le monde rà ©el, se doit de conjuguer stratà ©gies dà ©libà ©rà ©es et stratà ©gies à ©mergentes :  « exercer un contrà ´le tout en favorisant lapprentissage  » (Mintzberg et al., 1999, p. 22). Là   encore, lentreprise est confrontà ©e au dilemme entre exploitation et exploration : mettre en oeuvre et contrà ´ler des stratà ©gies intentionnelles et dà ©libà ©rà ©es et, dans le mà ªme temps, dà ©tecter et formuler de nouvelles stratà ©gies dont il convient de favoriser là ©mergence  « ladaptation aux environnements compà ©titifs  » et surtout, vers les stratà ©gies à ©mergentes :  « les systà ¨mes de contrà ´le interactif sont utilisà ©s pour guider les processus bottom-up dà ©mergence de la stratà ©gie  » (Simons, 1995, p. 98). Cette distinction entre contrà ´le diagnostic et contrà ´le interactif traduit lopposition dà ©sormais classique entre deux modà ¨les de reprà ©sentation du contrà ´le de gestion http://www.wikiberal.org/wiki/Henry_Mintzberg Application with Maersk Line Strategy From the start to go, Maersk has been a very innovative company Nils Smedegaard Andersen (Maersk CEO) In a former time (1920), Maersk Line was a shipping specialist within the chemical industry. They operated in United States and East Asia thank to 6 tankers. The company understood very quickly than the business could be more developed. So, they made up their fleet with news engines in order to have more productivity. They adapted them-self to the new environment asking for more efficiency and created a competitive advantage (cf. Porter). The competitors stayed with old engines. 30 years later, they started to build larger units vessels to follow the market expectations. The new constructed port would provide more space in which bigger boats can operate. They adapted their strategy which was to transport more units at the same place because the market was growing. The strategies emerged from the market. http://www.maersk.com/AboutMaersk/WhoWeAre/Pages/History.aspx?SSItemId=8 Another plan used in the 60s was the diversification of his strategy thank to the containers revolution. Indeed, the standardization of the exchange would provide a very interesting future in this sector; where the company dedicated very important amount in the investment. The amount was around $2 billion (the biggest investment of the company at this time) to follow an emerging market. They opened a new area in the company through this opportunity and implementing a emergent strategy. In 2008, Maersk Line drove his new strategy. The objectives were to drive the turnaround of the business and return to sustainable profitability based on the long term. More than everything, Maersk Line wanted to reinforce his leadership position in the shipping market. Maersk is today is 10 times largest than it was 10 years ago and as the CEO said The have lost focusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the way we operate today does not conform to our present size. With the growth we have had, the complexity has grown and so has the bureaucracy (Jaunary14, 2008, The Journal of Commerce) http://web.ebscohost.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=105sid=833f65f7-a644-40dc-b0dd-3c5c53fabf3d%40sessionmgr111 This strategy is endorsed on the improved financial results and customer satisfaction seen in the closed past. Thank to that, we can see that the company has developed his strategy according to his good results experience of the market in the recent months. Indeed, during the 6 previous months of this period the company had feedbacks from customers. The strategy had four core elements: Filling the ship with profitable cargo Provide the most reliable product demanded by our customers Provide a faster, more responsive service closer to customers Reduce complexity and cost First of all, to reduce the complexity and the cost, the global organization has reduced by 2,000 to 3,000 positions out of 25,000, principally cut into the middle management. The main point is reducing the regional organizations into smaller teams. To reduce the impact and consider the human aspect of the firing, the organization informed long time ago to the concern people in order to them to find alternative solution and sometime come along them to find new positions. As well, pushing decision-making out to the countries: as close as possible to the customers. With this new process, the company had reduced the bureaucracy and streamline processes. As expected, the complexity is reduced for a double benefice: for the customers because they will have a better proximity service and for the internal efficiency, less complex. Through this point, we can say than the company redesign his decision making process in order to be more reactive and close with the customers. In another word, the Maersk will be more empowered with his customers. It will be for example faster to take a decision into a part of the world; do not waiting for the head quarter to give his feedbacksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦For the future; the decentralized management will develop the emergence of local strategy and give, again, more signification to the launched of this proximity service strategy. As well, the fact to work more closely with the customers and build long term relationship provide as well, a better visibility and allow a better anticipation. It is a brilliant solution for the future of the company. The strategy has been implemented in few months. Journal Traffic World, January 21, 2008 http://web.ebscohost.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1hid=105sid=cb510fcd-112a-4c32-b25b-cb5f62f1c019%40sessionmgr113 Through this strategy, we have seen the importance of the market learning. The experience provides the better knowledge than a company can have. According to Eivind Kolding (CEO), the new management team, which will drive the strategy, has the experience and proven ability to deliver results. As we have seen previously in the report, the experience of the market is a key factor for the competitiveness of the organization. Having the experience of the market and the customers expectations, they applied the better strategy as possibleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ http://www.maerskline.com/link/?page=lhp_newspath=/asia/taiwan/20100222 The benefits of this emergent strategy are today already visible. The activity of the Maersk Line is from now on good position. The result are better than expected and to reach a $168 million net profit (1st trimester 2010) against a loss $581 million (1st trimester 2009). The turnover as well gives a good idea of the progression: $5.743 billion (1st trimester 2010) against $4.661 billion (1st trimester 2009). Eivind Kolding The market has been better and our efforts are gainful. Maersk has been able to develop all his strategy through the time and thus, take advantages of certain situation The company wants still to improve his competitiveness and they are ready to catch new opportunities bolting from the actual economic situation. http://www.meretmarine.com/article.cfm?id=113177 http://www.maerskline.com/link/?page=lhppath=/africa/guinea/general/news http://www.maersk.com/AboutMaersk/WhoWeAre/Pages/History.aspx?SSItemId=8 CONLUSION Through this project, we have studied the difference between the emergent and prescriptive approach in Strategic and Corporation Management through an academic discussion, his different point of view and a company example. We have seen that the prescriptive approach is a strategy The experience is a key factor. JONK LOCKE Sentences

Boxer vs. American Staffordshire Terrier Essay -- Animal Research

What makes these two dogs so similar is that they are two of the top most popular breeds here in the United States. It has been said that dogs is man's best friend, and because of this, it makes them great companions. These two breeds, the Boxer and the American Staffordshire terrier fit very easily into family life. When an owner tells his dog that he is a good boy, the dog happily wags its tail. Then, there are those times when an owner has to discipline his dog, the dog, then creeps away with that sad puppy dog look on its face. According to Jill Viers, "a dog will love you unconditionally; it will be there until the end. Doesn't it deserve the same when it is truly man's best friend" (Viers) Both of these breeds the Boxer, and the American Staffordshire terrier; have similar, but different in their ancestry, appearance, grooming and maintained; it is what makes both of these two breeds so desirable. For starts, the Boxer and American Staffordshire terrier were both first used to dogfights and bull-baiting until it was banned in the early 1900s. The Boxer was first breed in the early 19th century, they used them for dog fighting, bull-baiting and to run down and hold large game for their master. They received their name because of their ability to stand on their hind legs and bat at its opponent, appearing to box with its front paws, hence the name Boxer. Then, later in Germany, the Boxer became the breed for their intellect and muscular strength. Boxer is from a Mastiff and a bulldog breed together. Later in Germany, they were used guard and police dogs as they were very alert. After World War 1, the Boxer came to America, where their popularity in the states. Whereas, American Staffordshire terrier has a backgro... ... well as a good family pet. The Boxer also has another advantage over the American Staffordshire, and that it is excellent with all children. Finally, the Boxer also does well with other pets in the household. Not like the American Staffordshire terrier, where it needs raised with the family from puppy hood. Works Cited American kennel club-american staffordshire terrier. www.akc.org, n.d. Web. 21 June 2011. . American kennel club-boxer.www.akc.org, 2005 March 30. Web.21 June 2011.. Bulldog-Boxer. In bulldog breeds.com, 29 June 2010. Web. 21 June 2011. . Dog breeds american staffordshire terriers. In five star dog.com, n.d. Web. 21 June 2011. .

Essay --

Chris Nguyen Xxxxxx Xxxxxx 27 December 2013 Socialization and Stigmatization of HIV/ AIDS in Developing and Developed Societies: A Comparative Survey of Selected Recent Literature Introduction In the last thirty years the social perception of HIV/ AIDS has changed dramatically in the public conscious. The disease itself has shifted from being a baffling virus in the 1960s and 1970s, to the offensively termed â€Å"Gay-related immune deficiency† or GRID, to finally being termed the Human Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the 1980s. Despite scientific advances in modern medicine, the perception of the illness is still highly sexualized and carries a deeply negative stigma, especially in economically developing societies. In this paper I will analyze a selection of current literature to gain understanding of how HIV/ AIDS first came into existence and how it was initially perceived in the public conscious. From this same pool of recent literature I will examine sub-Saharan African societies, specifically cases in Tanzania and South Africa, as well as the socio-politic al context surrounding HIV/ AIDS governance in present-day China. In contrast, I will also draw from an article that discusses stigma experienced by HIV-positive women living in Canada- a developed society. Despite the reams of scientific literature on the subject, public consciousness about living with HIV/ AIDS and preventing its transmission in developing and developed societies remains low. Cultural and Socio-political Perceptions of HIV Infection Modern perceptions of HIV and AIDS are driven by archaic and outdated social stigma that has existed since the discovery ... ...gical sense. Obviously people observe different cultures and norms across all of the world’s societies. In order to address a common problem across uncommon environments, problem-solvers must seek-out culturally appropriate means and methods for confronting any given issue. HIV and AIDS- related stigma is a problem that has plagued social society since the discovery of the illness. Even the most developed societies like Canada are not immune to prejudice and bias. As such, much responsibility falls upon educated people to share the importance of sexual and reproductive health with those who may not have access to the same level of quality education. While history has already written bias and stigma into the lives of those who have lived and continue to live with HIV or AIDS, the phenomenon of bias can be understood. And with understanding comes the hope for change.

Essay on Contrasting Settings in Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles

Contrasting Settings in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles The setting or settings in a novel are often an important element in the work. Many novels use contrasting places such as cities or towns, to represent opposing forces or ideas that are central to the meaning of the work. In Thomas Hardy's novel, Tess of the d'Urbervilles, the contrasting settings of Talbothays Dairy and Flintcomb-Ash represent the opposing forces of good and evil in Tess' life. A significant portion of the novel taks place at Talbothays Dairy, which represents the force of good in Tess' life. At Talbothays, the air is "clear, bracing, and ethereal"; the river flows like the " pure River of Life" and the air "set up [Tess'] spirits wonderfully." The author describes the valley as a kind of paradise, with clean, fresh air and a flowing river. Upon entering the region, Tess reaches an emotional high encouraged by the beautiful atmosphere. At Talbothays, the milkers form "a little battalion of men and women," often "singing songs to entice the cows...

Tips for a Career: Financial Analyst and Financial Engineering

If you are one of those persons who thought that you have to be an engineer by profession and academic background to be a financial engineer, you are under the wrong impression. If you are very good in mathematics and would like to take a de route to your attaining success in life without losing your flare for math, this is where you should be, and this is a tip for a career. How much can you earn? It depends on you. A wizard can earn to his heart’s content it looks like because financial engineering deals with predictive modeling in investment and  financial analysis.Now you can guess why the investors and financial institution’s chief executives wish that they had paid more attention to their math classes. If you are a young aspiring person yet to bloom here are some tips for building a lucrative career for yourself. If you would like to make it all the way to the Wall Street lucrative jobs and be there offering advice on one what to buy or when to buy, or, what to sell and when to sell, or, go to top in investment banking a financial analyst career can help you get there.Just imagine if you can do the modeling and are also very efficient analyst you could be walking on the golden path laughing all the way to your bank Don’t wonder why I have combined these two. I see analysts with weakness in model building and custom software generation today. Similarly I also see that quite fewfinancial engineers  are not comfortable with the analysis part. Therefore, there can be bright future including entrepreneur possibilities for a person who develops expertise in both areas.If you are an ambitious person interested in this line read on these tips for a career in this field. Current total employment potential for financial advisor’s career is well above 200,000 with a predicted growth of 41 percent. What is financial engineering? Financial engineering is involves application of financial theory, the methods of financing, and tools of ma thematics, computation and the practice of programming to achieve the desired end results. Financial engineering can help create new and enhanced products out of existing financial instruments.Financial engineers can help create the most effective bundles out of products and investment portfolios out of existing  investment alternatives  and their predicted outcomes and associated risks. Thus if an investment company or wealth management bank wants to advise its clients, it needs financial engineering due to the multi various investment alternatives available. Similarly if an insurance company wants to know what is the best way to put two or three types of insurance covers and sell as a brand both to increase sales and profits financial engineer can help.Sounds exciting? Yes, it is, a financial engineer can earn millions if he or she gets commissions. What is financial Analyst Financial analysts keep themselves up to date with macroeconomic environment and also analyze the balan ce sheet and other relevant information related companies to write reports and give advice on buying and selling of stocks, or future financial strategies companies should adopt, or make investments that they can make. They usually specialize in some area depending on the organization they work for.They may be working for bank, buy side or sell side investment companies and insurance companies and investment banks Tips for a career- the qualification required for a career as financial engineer or Financial Analyst The diversity is quite high. After an undergraduate degree with a good grade point one can work for MBA with financial engineering as one specialization, or a Master of Financial Engineering (MFE) or MA in Mathematical Finance or M. SC in Financial Engineering. It would help a lot if you have taken enough mathematics and computer courses.In some schools the term  computational finance  is also used to denote financial engineering. You have to be cautious in making the right choice and you need to be pretty clear on whether you would like to work for an industry or get into academics. To be in academics you will need a PH. D too. This is not to imply that PH. D is not useful for industry jobs. For example a Hedge fund financial engineer in a trading firm job needs would be like knowing C++, SQL, Linux and Unix high frequency high frequency automated trading.He will be responsible for trading strategies and algorithm enhancement. He should define and implement data collection and acquisition matter. He should perform statistical analysis and optimize innovations and enhancement to trading models. He should be able to write functional requirements for  software developersand collaborate with software developers. Tips for a career as financial analyst Normally  MBA  in finance from a reputed university would be a good to start.However Chartered Financial analyst certificate (CFA) could be great asset if not essential. For anyone not comfortable with all the technical aspects the CFA program uses it would better to start with series & and series 63 exams. These programs need sponsorship from a company that is NASD member or self regulatory organizationhttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/General_Securities_Representative_Exam In addition to MBA finance or MFE it would be advisable to get a CFA, Chartered Financial analyst certificate.Another program of use may be the certified International Analyst program offered by the Council for Portfolio Management and research offered by the Association Certified International Analysts, Zurich, Switzerland (links below) There are also programs offered by JP Morgan’s chase’s finance division for under grad degree holders and Deutsche bank analyst type of programs. Generally these are targeted at undergrad degree holders with finance and accounting majors.Best Graduate Programs offering Master’s degrees and Doctoral degrees in Financial Engineering As mentioned above the diversity is quite high in the degree though there is a good overlap in the curriculum. The choice would depend on the reputation of the school and your planned career that is teaching, industry or banking career. The duration of the program is also different and range from 1 year to 2 years. The tuition can vary from about $74,000 for 1. 5 to 2 year program to $37,000 to $ 44,000 for one year programs. The schools given below also have excellent MBA programs with Finance specialization.The top ten lists for General Management and other specializations may be different USA programs Carnegie Mellon University Columbia University Princeton University Stanford University University of Chicago New York University University of California Berkeley Boston University Georgia Institute of technology North Carolina University University of Illinois Urbana University of Michigan Claremont Graduate School Rutgers University University of Southern California Kent State University Purdue Univer sity Best Programs outside USA Imperial College, London, UK Warwick, UKKing’s college, UK Birkbeck, UK City,UK ICMP reading Leeds University, UK Leicester University Liverpool Manchester Oxford University Hongkong University Hongkong Nan yang technical University, Singapore National University of Singapore Dublin University EDHEC France Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne, Switzerland Frankfurt school of finance Germany Tilburg University Netherlands Indian Schools Indian Institute of Management (IIMs) Indian Institute of technology (IITs) IFMR Chennai Indian Institute of Capital Markets Mumbai, former UT I Institute of capital markets PG DiplomaIndian Institute Of Capital Markets. (Formerly UTI Institute of Capital markets), P B No:99, UTI house, plot no:82 Sector-17,vashi,Navi mumbai-400705. Phone:022-27892815/16 Salary ranges for Financial engineers In USA Financial engineer salary at level is about $63000 to $101,000 Financial Engineer salary is about $86,000 to 116, 000 Manager Financial engineering salary is in the range $144,000 to 156,000 In UK is about pounds 38,000 Salary ranges for Financial Analysts holding CFA certification USA Portfolio Manger $80,000-$149,000 Financial Analyst 48000-$73,000Senior Financial analyst $66249-$96000 Financial securities investment analyst $ 67000-97000 Chief Financial Officer $100,000 – $ 198000 UK Pounds 36000 With pounds 40000 Australia Financial Analyst, A$ 60,000-80,000 Financial/ securities/investment analyst A$ 50,000 – $ 90,000 India Financial analyst Rs 269,000 – Rs 700,000 Senior Financial analyst Rs 500,000- Rs100,000 Financial/securities /investment analyst Rs 500,000 – Rs 100,000 Common Employers Trading houses, Corporate Finance Divisions, Banks, Insurance Companies Tips on Career planning In financial engineeringYou need to be clear in goals. The Master of Finance program and financial engineering are not same. There is heavy math, C++ use and Monte Carlo in financ ial engineering. This is not done in finance programs. Some of the applied math programs are now financial engineering programs. Putting it simply, Mathematical finance is theoretical, quantitative finance is program oriented and financial engineering seems to fit in between, Thus you could be fine for teaching with mathematical finance but not for trading firms and industry.In teaching too you may experience limitations. The program designers don’t readily see the difference. Best is to compare the courses. In India it is best to do it in best Business schools preferably IIMs. In my view IIM Kolkata has perhaps the best program. Indian School of Business offers some executive programs for those unable to get into the best financial engineering programs because of lack of adequate experience, or commerce background it may better to join IT company or consulting company and enter banking and capital markets domain.Alternately one can try brokerage and trading firms and may be you will make it to Wall Street to earn the big bucks. The path is hard and needs lot of dedication and hard work. Good luck. I would recommend financial engineering programs for engineers and anyone with strong math background. If you are a typical commerce graduate you might find it hard and it may be advisable to stay on the financial analysis side with proper certifications and a well designed specialization based on where you want to work, like the sell side or buy side and trading or investment banking.For anyone planning to continue as financial analysts and depend on ready software packages MBA finance and certified financial analyst should be adequate. Certified public accountant or Chartered accountancy with CFA may work but it’s not the best. For someone who likes to have full flexibility in developing IT for financial analysis and be well rounded with plans for a IT start up, a combination of MFE with CFA can do well. These are essential tips for a career as a fin ancial analyst or financial engineer Useful links ttp://gmatclub. com/forum/2009-best-financial-engineering-math-finance-ranking-86796. html http://www. global-derivatives. com/index. php/further-education-othermenu-36/55-quantitative-masters-programs-complete-list#Australasia links for CFA program in USA and India http://ace3levels. com/_mgxroot/page_10737. html http://www. cfainstitute. org/about/locations/asiapac/Pages/cfa_institute_in_india. aspx CIIA Switzerland:  http://www. cpmrindia. org/welcome_message. asp India:  http://www. cpmrindia. org/ciia. asp